The DOI matches its Crossref record; 176 of the 177 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Role of carnitine in disease
Open accessAbstract
Carnitine is a conditionally essential nutrient that plays a vital role in energy production and fatty acid metabolism. Vegetarians possess a greater bioavailability than meat eaters. Distinct deficiencies arise either from genetic mutation of carnitine transporters or in association with other disorders such as liver or kidney disease. Carnitine deficiency occurs in aberrations of carnitine regulation in disorders such as diabetes, sepsis, cardiomyopathy, malnutrition, cirrhosis, endocrine disorders and with aging. Nutritional supplementation of L-carnitine, the biologically active form of carnitine, is ameliorative for uremic patients, and can improve nerve conduction, neuropathic pain and immune function in diabetes patients while it is life-saving for patients suffering primary carnitine deficiency. Clinical application of carnitine holds much promise in a range of neural disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, hepatic encephalopathy and other painful neuropathies. Topical application in dry eye offers osmoprotection and modulates immune and inflammatory responses. Carnitine has been recognized as a nutritional supplement in cardiovascular disease and there is increasing evidence that carnitine supplementation may be beneficial in treating obesity, improving glucose intolerance and total energy expenditure.
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“The bioavailability of L-carnitine in vegetarians (who are adapted to low-carnitine diets) was higher than in carnivores (42); therefore, less carnitine reaches the bacteria of the lower intestine in vegetarians.”
From Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [42]
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“Carnitine also can be synthesized endogenously from two essential amino acids, lysine and methionine (63).This occurs in kidney, liver, and brain (42).”
From Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [42]
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“Animal products like meat, fish, poultry, and milk (whey fraction) are highest in carnitine, whereas plants contain little carnitine (42).”
From Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [42]
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Cites
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“Based on the evidence that heat-shock proteins (Hsps) can exert neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress-related injury and that nutritional antioxidants are able to upregulate Hsps in neurons, use of nutritional antioxidants such as carnitine/acetyl-L-carnitine has been advocated to counteract the oxidative s…”
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Background
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Kumar, R., Sharma, A. K., Singh, H., Suating, P., Kim, H. S., Sunwoo, K., Shim, I., Gibb, B. C., & Kim, J. S. (2019) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00605 · Cited by 546
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Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease
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“Animal products like meat, fish, poultry, and milk (whey fraction) are highest in carnitine, whereas plants contain little carnitine (42).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Flanagan, J. L., Simmons, P. A., Vehige, J., Willcox, M. D., & Garrett, Q.
- Affiliations
- Brien Holden Vision Institute (AU)
- Allergan (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flanagan, Judith L
- Venue
- Nutrition & Metabolism
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30
- ISSN
- 1743-7075 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2861661
- OpenAlex
- W2084023408
- Cited by
- 611
- References
- 176
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 9.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Nutrition & Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Allergan
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- L-carnitine, carnitine deficiency, carnitine transporter, fatty acid metabolism, energy production, carnitine supplementation, primary carnitine deficiency, diabetes mellitus, sepsis, cardiomyopathy, malnutrition, liver cirrhosis, aging, uremia, neuropathic pain, Alzheimer's disease, hepatic encephalopathy, dry eye, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, cardiovascular disease
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