The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The relationship between anxiety, depression and illness perception in tberculosis patients in Pakistan
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: As the rates of TB world over have increased during the past 10 years, there has been a growing awareness of depression and its role in the outcome of chronic disorders. Though depression is common in patients with TB no study as yet has examined the prevalence of depression in this group in Pakistan. We aimed to determine the presence of depression, anxiety and illness perceptions in patients suffering from Tuberculosis (TB) in Pakistan. METHODS: 108 consecutive outpatients with tuberculosis completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) and the Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ). RESULTS: Out of 108 patients, 50 (46.3%) were depressed and 51 (47.2%) had anxiety. Raised depression and anxiety scores were associated with an increase in the number of symptoms reported (HADS Depression: r = 0.346, p = < 0.001), more serious perceived consequences (HADS Depression: r = 0.279, p = 0.004, HADS Anxiety: r = 0.234, p = 0.017) and less control over their illness (HADS Depression: r = 0.239, p = 0.014, HADS Anxiety: r = 0.271, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: We found that about a half of patients in our sample met the criteria for probable depression and anxiety based on HADS score. Negative illness perceptions were clearly related to reports of mood symptoms. As depression and lack of perceived control over illness in those suffering from tuberculosis are reported to be independent predictors of poor adherence further studies to investigate their relationship with medication adherence are required.
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“depression and anxiety in particular have been linked to delayed diagnosis, missed doses, treatment interruption, and poorer microbiological outcomes [10,11,12].”
From Psychosocial Interventions for Improving Treatment Adherence in Tuberculosis Patients: A Scoping Review of Evidence-Based Approaches. (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
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“Patients with depression or anxiety are more likely to report difficulties adhering to treatment and to experience poorer outcomes [10,11].”
From Psychosocial Interventions for Improving Treatment Adherence in Tuberculosis Patients: A Scoping Review of Evidence-Based Approaches. (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
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“pre-existing or comorbid mental disorders may compromise help-seeking and adherence by reducing motivation, impairing concentration and memory for daily medication routines, increasing risky behaviors such as alcohol or drug use, and weakening the patient–provider relationship”
From Psychosocial Interventions for Improving Treatment Adherence in Tuberculosis Patients: A Scoping Review of Evidence-Based Approaches. (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
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Citations
Cites
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O’Connor, J. C., Lawson, M. A., André, C., Briley, E. M., Szegedi, S. S., Lestage, J., Castanon, N., Herkenham, M. A., Dantzer, R., & Kelley, K. W. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0802722 · Cited by 305
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Gardner, P. J., & Moallef, P. (2014) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0037973 · Cited by 220
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A review of the interplay between tuberculosis and mental health
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Metadata
- Authors
- Husain, M. O., Dearman, S. P., Chaudhry, I. B., Rizvi, N., & Waheed, W.
- Affiliations
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- Pakistan Institute of Learning and Living (PK)
- Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center (PK)
- Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Husain, Mohammed O
- Venue
- Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4
- ISSN
- 1745-0179 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2288599
- OpenAlex
- W1994947459
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- tuberculosis, depression, anxiety, illness perception, perceived control, perceived consequences, medication adherence
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