Cited by 160Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesHealth and Conflict StudiesMigration, Health and Trauma

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 91 of the 92 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.

Six rapid assessments of alcohol and other substance use in populations displaced by conflict

Open access

Ezard, Nadine, Oppenheimer, Edna, Burton, Ann, Schilperoord, Marian, Macdonald, David, Adelekan, Moruf, Sakarati, Abandokoth, van Ommeren, Mark·2011·Conflict and Health

DOI 10.1186/1752-1505-5-1PMC PMC3050731

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Substance use among populations displaced by conflict is a neglected area of public health. Alcohol, khat, benzodiazepine, opiate, and other substance use have been documented among a range of displaced populations, with wide-reaching health and social impacts. Changing agendas in humanitarian response-including increased prominence of mental health and chronic illness-have so far failed to be translated into meaningful interventions for substance use. METHODS: Studies were conducted from 2006 to 2008 in six different settings of protracted displacement, three in Africa (Kenya, Liberia, northern Uganda) and three in Asia (Iran, Pakistan, and Thailand). We used intervention-oriented qualitative Rapid Assessment and Response methods, adapted from two decades of experience among non-displaced populations. The main sources of data were individual and group interviews conducted with a culturally representative (non-probabilistic) sample of community members and service providers. RESULTS: Widespread use of alcohol, particularly artisanally-produced alcohol, in Kenya, Liberia, Uganda, and Thailand, and opiates in Iran and Pakistan was believed by participants to be linked to a range of health, social and protection problems, including illness, injury (intentional and unintentional), gender-based violence, risky behaviour for HIV and other sexually transmitted infection and blood-borne virus transmission, as well as detrimental effects to household economy. Displacement experiences, including dispossession, livelihood restriction, hopelessness and uncertain future may make communities particularly vulnerable to substance use and its impact, and changing social norms and networks (including the surrounding population) may result in changed - and potentially more harmful-patterns of use. Limited access to services, including health services, and exclusion from relevant host population programmes, may exacerbate the harmful consequences. CONCLUSIONS: The six studies show the feasibility and value of conducting rapid assessments in displaced populations. One outcome of these studies is the development of a UNHCR/WHO field guide on rapid assessment of alcohol and other substance use among conflict-affected populations. More work is required on gathering population-based epidemiological data, and much more experience is required on delivering effective interventions. Presentation of these findings should contribute to increased awareness, improved response, and more vigorous debate around this important but neglected area.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1752-1505-5-1

Cites

91 of 92 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figure 1 Changing patterns of substance use in conflict-displaced populationsCC BY · PubMed Central

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults
Kleinstäuber, M., Witthöft, M., Steffanowski, A., van Marwijk, H., Hiller, W., & Lambert, M. J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010628.pub2 · Cited by 11,369
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
van der Sande, M. A. B., Walraven, G. E. L., Milligan, P. J., BANYA, W. A. S., CEESAY, S. M., Nyan, O. A., & McAdam, K. P. W. J. (2001) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · Cited by 7,097
Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders
Rehm, J., Mathers, C., Popova, S., Thavorncharoensap, M., Teerawattananon, Y., & Patra, J. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60746-7 · Cited by 3,870
Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries
Jamison, D., Mosley, W. H., Measham, A., & Bobadilla, J. L. (1993) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/0-1952-0990-7 · Cited by 3,714
Disease control priorities in developing countries
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-0343 · Cited by 3,636
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
Frick, K. D., Lynch, M. C., West, S. K., Muñoz, B., & Mkocha, H. A. (2003) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · Cited by 2,656
Association of Torture and Other Potentially Traumatic Events With Mental Health Outcomes Among Populations Exposed to Mass Conflict and Displacement: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & van Ommeren, M. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1132 · Cited by 2,246
Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence
Mattick, R. P., Breen, C., Kimber, J., & Davoli, M. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002209.pub2 · Cited by 1,654
Alcohol and public health
Room, R., Babor, T., & Rehm, J. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)17870-2 · Cited by 1,625
Disease control priorities in developing countries
Frenk, J. M. (2006) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.1590/s0036-36342006000600011 · Cited by 1,615

Show all 92 references

Research works printed but not linked: 14

World Health Organization: ICD10-International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision, version for 2007 Geneva. 2007
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: Aghanistan Community Drug Profile #5: An assessment of problem drug use in Kabul City. Kabul. 2003
World Health Organization: The Rapid Assessment and Response Guide on Injecting Drug Use (IDU-RAR) (draft for field-testing) Geneva. 1998
World Health Organization/United Nations Children's Fund: Rapid Assessment and Response Guide on Psychoactive Substance Use Among Especially Vulnerable Young People (EVYP-RAR) Geneva. 1998
World Health Organization: Rapid Assessment and Response Technical Guide (TG-RAR) Geneva. 2001
SEARCH (Suchtprävention fur Flüchtlinge und Asylbewerber): Rapid Assessment and Response' (RAR) on Problematic Substance Use among Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Illegal Immigrants. 2002, Munster
Stimson GV, Fitch C, Rhodes T, Keetley K: The Rapid Assessment and Response Guide on Injecting Drug Use (IDU-RAR. 2003, Geneva: World Health Organization
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: Addiction, Crime and Insurgency: The transnational threat of Afghan opium. Addiction, Crime and Insurgency: The transnational threat of Afghan opium. Vienna. 2009
Rehm J, Room R, Graham K, Monteiro M, Gmel G, Sempos CT: The relationship of average volume of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking to burden of disease: an overview. Addiction. 2003, 98: 1209-1228. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00467.x. · DOI · Paper page
Inter-Agency Standing Committee: Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings Geneva. 2007
Jacobsen K: The Economic Life of Refugees. 2005, West Hartford: Kumarian Press
Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action (ALNAP): Participation by Crisis-Affected Populations in Humanitarian Action: A Handbook for Practitioners. 2003, London: ODI
Hoffman P, Weiss TG: Humanitarianism and practitioners: Social science matters. Humantarianism in Question: Politics, Power, Ethics. Edited by: Barnett M, Weiss TG. 2008, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 264-285.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, World Health Organization: Rapid assessment of alcohol and other substance use among conflict-affected and displaced populations: a field guide Geneva. 2008

Sorted by citations

Mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: linking practice and research
Tol, W. A., Barbui, C., Galappatti, A., Silove, D., Betancourt, T. S., Souza, R., Golaz, A., & van Ommeren, M. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61094-5 · Cited by 625
Epidemiology of Substance Use among Forced Migrants: A Global Systematic Review
Horyniak, D., Melo, J. S., Farrell, R. M., Ojeda, V. D., & Strathdee, S. A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159134 · Cited by 288
Post-traumatic stress disorder in a sample of Syrian refugees in Lebanon
Kazour, F., Zahreddine, N., Maragel, M., Almustafa, M. A., Soufia, M., Haddad, R. S., & Richa, S. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.09.007 · Cited by 200
Mental, neurological, and substance use problems among refugees in primary health care: analysis of the Health Information System in 90 refugee camps
Kane, J. C., Ventevogel, P., Spiegel, P., Bass, J. K., van Ommeren, M., & Tol, W. A. (2014) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0228-9 · Cited by 141
The intergenerational effects of war on the health of children
Devakumar, D., Birch, M., Osrin, D., Sondorp, E., & Wells, J. C. K. (2014) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-12-57 · Cited by 138
Adolescent Resilience in Northern Uganda: The Role of Social Support and Prosocial Behavior in Reducing Mental Health Problems
Haroz, E. E., Murray, L. K., Bolton, P. A., Betancourt, T. S., & Bass, J. (2013) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00802.x · Cited by 111
Associations between alcohol use disorders and adherence to antiretroviral treatment and quality of life amongst people living with HIV/AIDS
Tran, B. X., Nguyễn, L. T., Duy, C., Nguyen, Q. L., & Maher, R. M. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-27 · Cited by 97
A Systematic Review on Harmful Alcohol Use Among Civilian Populations Affected by Armed Conflict in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Lo, J., Patel, P., Shultz, J. M., Ezard, N., & Roberts, B. (2017) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1289411 · Cited by 94
Self-citation
Communicable disease surveillance and control in the context of conflict and mass displacement in Syria
Ismail, S. A., Abbara, A., Collin, S. M., Orcutt, M., Coutts, A. P., Maziak, W., Sahloul, Z., Dar, O., Corrah, T., & Fouad, F. M. (2016) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2016.05.011 · Cited by 89
Afghan mental health and psychosocial well-being: thematic review of four decades of research and interventions
Alemi, Q., Panter‐Brick, C., Oriya, S., Ahmady, M., Alimi, A. Q., Faiz, H., Hakim, N., Hashemi, S. A. S., Manaly, M. A., Naseri, R., et al. (2023) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.502 · Cited by 102
Systematic review of the evidence on the effectiveness of sexual and reproductive health interventions in humanitarian crises
Warren, E. A., Post, N., Hossain, M., Blanchet, K., & Roberts, B. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008226 · Cited by 84
Coping strategies among conflict-affected adults in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic literature review
Seguin, M., & Roberts, B. (2015) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2015.1107117 · Cited by 72
A “refugee paradox” for substance use disorders?
Salas‐Wright, C. P., & Vaughn, M. G. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.008 · Cited by 77
Providing surgery in a war-torn context: the Médecins Sans Frontières experience in Syria
Trelles, M., Dominguez, L. B., Tayler‐Smith, K., Kisswani, K., Zerboni, A., Vandenborre, T., Dallatomasina, S., Rahmoun, A., & Ferir, M.-C. (2015) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-015-0064-3 · Cited by 66
The ties that bind
Cohen, D. K. (2017) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343317713559 · Cited by 63
Integrative Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Interventions for Refugees in Humanitarian Crisis Settings
Weissbecker, I., Hanna, F., El Shazly, M., Gao, J., & Ventevogel, P. (2019) · An Uncertain Safety · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72914-5_6 · Cited by 61
Prevalence and Patterns of Hazardous and Harmful Alcohol Consumption Assessed Using the AUDIT among Bhutanese Refugees in Nepal
Luitel, N. P., Jordans, M. J. D., Murphy, A., Roberts, B., & McCambridge, J. (2013) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agt009 · Cited by 61
Family and community driven response to intimate partner violence in post-conflict settings
Kohli, A., Perrin, N., Remy, M. M., Banywesize, L., Mirindi, A. B., Banywesize, J. H., Mitima, C. M., Binkurhorhwa, A. K., Bufole, N. M., & Glass, N. E. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.011 · Cited by 70
Conflict and Health: seven years of advancing science in humanitarian crises
Ratnayake, R., Degomme, O., Roberts, B., & Spiegel, P. B. (2014) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/1752-1505-8-7 · Cited by 57
Broadening the scope of epidemiology in conflict-affected settings: opportunities for mental health prevention and promotion
Tol, W. A., Rees, S. J., & Silove, D. M. (2013) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796013000188 · Cited by 50
Challenges and opportunities for implementation of substance misuse interventions in conflict-affected populations
Greene, M. C., Kane, J. C., Khoshnood, K., Ventevogel, P., & Tol, W. A. (2018) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-018-0267-1 · Cited by 47
A systematic review of qualitative research on substance use among refugees
Saleh, E. A., Lazaridou, F. B., Klapprott, F., Wazaify, M., Heinz, A., & Kluge, U. (2022) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16021 · Cited by 51
Evidence-based mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: gaps and opportunities
Tol, W. A., & van Ommeren, M. (2012) · Evidence Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmental-2012-100644 · Cited by 43
Gender-Based Violence and Armed Conflict
Mootz, J. J., Stabb, S. D., & Mollen, D. (2017) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684317705086 · Cited by 47
Armed conflict, alcohol misuse, decision-making, and intimate partner violence among women in Northeastern Uganda: a population level study
Mootz, J. J., Muhanguzi, F. K., Panko, P., Mangen, P. O., Wainberg, M. L., Pinsky, I., & Khoshnood, K. (2018) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-018-0173-x · Cited by 44
Violent conflict and opiate use in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review
Jack, H. E., Masterson, A. R., & Khoshnood, K. (2013) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.11.003 · Cited by 39
Sexual and reproductive health of adolescent Syrian refugee girls in Lebanon: a qualitative study of healthcare provider and educator perspectives
Fahme, S. A., Sieverding, M., & Abdulrahim, S. (2021) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-021-01170-3 · Cited by 41
Alcohol and substance use in humanitarian and post-conflict situations
Hanna, F. (2017) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/2017.23.3.231 · Cited by 37
Unmet need for modern contraception and associated factors among reproductive age group women in Eritrean refugee camps, Tigray, north Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Gebrecherkos, K., Gebremariam, B., Worku, A. G., Syum, H., Kahsay, G., & Abay, M. (2018) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3956-7 · Cited by 38
A Systematic Review of HIV Risk Behaviors and Trauma Among Forced and Unforced Migrant Populations from Low and Middle-Income Countries: State of the Literature and Future Directions
Michalopoulos, L., Aifah, A. A., & El‐Bassel, N. (2015) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1014-1 · Cited by 35
Prevalence and correlates of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C infection and harm reduction program use among male injecting drug users in Kabul, Afghanistan: A cross-sectional assessment
Todd, C. S., Nasir, A., Stanekzai, M. R., Fiekert, K., Rasuli, M., Vlahov, D., & Strathdee, S. A. (2011) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/1477-7517-8-22 · Cited by 34
Barriers to mental health care utilization among internally displaced persons in the republic of Georgia: a rapid appraisal study
Murphy, A., Chikovani, I., Uchaneishvili, M., Makhashvili, N., & Roberts, B. (2018) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3113-y · Cited by 31
Learning from UJAMBO: Perspectives on Gynecologic Care in African Immigrant and Refugee Women in Boston, Massachusetts
Mehta, P., Saia, K., Mody, D., Crosby, S. S., Raj, A., Maru, S., & Piwowarczyk, L. A. (2017) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-017-0659-4 · Cited by 33
Opiate use, treatment, and harm reduction in Afghanistan: Recent changes and future directions
Todd, C. S., Macdonald, D., Khoshnood, K., Mansoor, G. F., Eggerman, M., & Panter‐Brick, C. (2012) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.05.004 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
War experiences and psychotic symptoms among former child soldiers in Northern Uganda: the mediating role of post-war hardships – the WAYS Study
Amone-P'Olak, K., Ovuga, E., Croudace, T., Jones, P., & Abbott, R. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0873-5 · Cited by 31
Immigrant and Refugee Families: Global Perspectives on Displacement and Resettlement Experiences
(2016) · doi:10.24926/8668.0901 · Cited by 31
Connecting Refugees to Substance Use Treatment: A Qualitative Study
McCleary, J. S., Shannon, P. J., & Cook, T. L. (2015) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2015.1087906 · Cited by 30
Intimate partner violence, modern contraceptive use and conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Kidman, R. C., Palermo, T., & Bertrand, J. T. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.034 · Cited by 30
Dance/Movement therapy and resilience building with female asylum seekers and refugees
Verreault, K. (2017) · Intervention · doi:10.1097/wtf.0000000000000150 · Cited by 29
A scoping review of the associations between mental health and factors related to HIV acquisition and disease progression in conflict-affected populations
Koegler, E., & Kennedy, C. E. (2018) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-018-0156-y · Cited by 29
Visceral leishmaniasis in Somalia: A review of epidemiology and access to care
Sunyoto, T., Potet, J., & Boelaert, M. (2017) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005231 · Cited by 28
It's Not Just the Alcohol: Gender, Alcohol Use, and Intimate Partner Violence in Mae La Refugee Camp, Thailand, 2009
Ezard, N. (2013) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.863343 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
Examining the substance use, violence, and HIV and AIDS (SAVA) syndemic among urban refugee youth in Kampala, Uganda: cross-sectional survey findings
Logie, C. H., Okumu, M., Malama, K., Mwima, S., Hakiza, R., Kiera, U. M., & Kyambadde, P. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006583 · Cited by 35
The Use of Psychoactive Substances in a Conflict Area in the West Bank: Drug Use Risk Factors and Practices in Palestinian Refugee Camps
Damiri, B. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00183-1 · Cited by 27
Symptoms Associated with Pregnancy Complications Along the Thai-Burma Border: The Role of Conflict Violence and Intimate Partner Violence
Falb, K., McCormick, M. C., Hemenway, D., Anfinson, K., & Silverman, J. G. (2013) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-013-1230-0 · Cited by 27
Understanding How Solidarity Groups—A Community-Based Economic and Psychosocial Support Intervention—Can Affect Mental Health for Survivors of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence in Democratic Republic of the Congo
Koegler, E., Kennedy, C. E., Mrindi, J., Bachunguye, R., WINCH, P. J., Ramazani, P., Tosha, M., & Glass, N. E. (2018) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801218778378 · Cited by 27
A systematic review of substance use and substance use disorder research in Kenya
Jaguga, F., Kiburi, S. K., Temet, E., Barasa, J., Karanja, S., Kinyua, L., & Kwobah, E. K. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269340 · Cited by 26
Why Would Khat Chewers Quit? An In-Depth, Qualitative Study on Saudi Khat Quitters
Alsanusy, R., & El‐Setouhy, M. (2013) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2013.783526 · Cited by 28
The association between post-traumatic stress-related symptoms, resilience, current stress and past exposure to violence: a cross sectional study of the survival of Quechua women in the aftermath of the Peruvian armed conflict
Suarez, E. B. (2013) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/1752-1505-7-21 · Cited by 26
Behavioral health symptoms among refugees from Burma: Examination of sociodemographic and migration-related factors.
Kim, I. (2018) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/aap0000103 · Cited by 25
Functional Foods: A Promising Strategy for Restoring Gut Microbiota Diversity Impacted by SARS-CoV-2 Variants
Banerjee, A., Somasundaram, I., Das, D., Manoj, S. J., Banu, H., Suresh, P. M., Paul, S., Bişgin, A., Zhang, H., Sun, X., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15112631 · Cited by 24
Risky alcohol use among reproductive-age men, not women, in Mae La refugee camp, Thailand, 2009
Ezard, N., Thiptharakun, S., Nosten, F. H., Rhodes, T., & McGready, R. M. (2012) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/1752-1505-6-7 · Cited by 23
Self-citation
The relationship between parent mental health and intimate partner violence on adolescent behavior, stigma and school attendance in families in rural Democratic Republic of Congo
Glass, N. E., Kohli, A., Surkan, P. J., Remy, M. M., & Perrin, N. (2018) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2018.10 · Cited by 24
Emotional Reactivity, Emotion Regulation Capacity, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Traumatized Refugees: An Experimental Investigation
Spiller, T. R., Liddell, B. J., Schick, M., Morina, N., Schnyder, U., Pfaltz, M. C., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22371 · Cited by 24
Revitalizing the HIV response in Pakistan: A systematic review and policy implications
Singh, S., Ambrosio, M., Semini, I., Tawil, O., Saleem, M., Imran, M. S., & Beyrer, C. (2013) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.05.011 · Cited by 24
Development and Evaluation of a Digital Health Intervention for Substance Use Reduction in Young Refugees With Problematic Use of Alcohol and/or Cannabis—Study Protocol for a Single-Armed Feasibility Trial
Fischer, L. C., Kölligan, V., Wieland, N., & Klein, M. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.557431 · Cited by 26
The effect of prenatal stress on cooperation: Evidence from violent conflict in Uganda
Cecchi, F., & Duchoslav, J. (2017) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.09.015 · Cited by 23
The sources of stigma and the impacts on Afghan refugees with substance abuse disorders: A qualitative study in Iran
Deilamizade, A., Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, A., Mohammadian, A., & Puyan, D. (2019) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2018.1556764 · Cited by 22
Behind the weapon of war: sexual violence in wartime as a reflection of social attitudes towards women in peacetime
Alexandre, A. B., & Mutondo, K. M. (2021) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2021.1949500 · Cited by 21
‘As soon as they can hold a glass, they begin taking alcohol’: a qualitative study on early childhood substance use in Mbale District, Uganda
Skylstad, V., Nalugya, J., Skar, A. S., Opesen, C. C., Ndeezi, G., Okello, E. S., Moland, K. M., Engebretsen, I. M. S., & Tumwine, J. K. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13140-w · Cited by 21
Substance (mis)use among refugees as a matter of social ecology: insights into a multi-site rapid assessment in Germany
Hertner, L., Stylianopoulos, P., Heinz, A., Kluge, U., Schäfer, I., & Penka, S. (2023) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-023-00499-9 · Cited by 21
Treating substance abuse as a consequence of conflict and displacement: a call for a more inclusive global mental health
Lai, L. (2014) · Medicine Conflict & Survival · doi:10.1080/13623699.2014.917356 · Cited by 24
Hepatitis C and HIV incidence and harm reduction program use in a conflict setting: an observational cohort of injecting drug users in Kabul, Afghanistan
Todd, C. S., Nasir, A., Stanekzai, M. R., Fiekert, K., Sipsma, H. L., Vlahov, D., & Strathdee, S. A. (2015) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-015-0056-z · Cited by 21
Priorities for addressing substance use disorder in humanitarian settings
Greene, M. C., Haddad, S., Busse, A., Ezard, N., Ventevogel, P., Demis, L. Y., Inoue, S., Gumm, J.-C., Campello, G., Tol, W. A., et al. (2021) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-021-00407-z · Cited by 20
Self-citation
Risk of adverse treatment outcomes among new pulmonary TB patients co-infected with diabetes in Pakistan: A prospective cohort study
Mukhtar, F., & Butt, Z. A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207148 · Cited by 21
Cross-sectional surveys of financial harm associated with others’ drinking in 15 countries: Unequal effects on women?
Laslett, A., Jiang, H., Kuntsche, S., Stanesby, O., Wilsnack, S. C., Sundin, E., Waleewong, O., Greenfield, T. K., Graham, K., & Bloomfield, K. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107949 · Cited by 20
Armed Conflict, Substance Use and HIV: A Global Analysis
Kerridge, B. T., Saha, T. D., & Hasin, D. S. (2015) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1161-4 · Cited by 19
Displaced and forgotten child refugees: A humanitarian crisis
Murray, J. S. (2015) · Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jspn.12133 · Cited by 19
Forced Displacement and Alcohol Use in Two Karen Refugee Communities: A Comparative Qualitative Study
McCleary, J. S., & Wieling, E. A. (2016) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcw076 · Cited by 19
Is the glass half full or half empty? A qualitative exploration on treatment practices and perceived barriers to biomedical care for patients with nodding syndrome in post-conflict northern Uganda
Mwaka, A. D., Okello, E. S., Abbo, C., Odwong, F. O., Olango, W. O., Etolu, W., Oriyabuzu, R., Lagoro, D. K., Mutamba, B. B., Idro, R., et al. (2015) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1323-5 · Cited by 18
The remarkable stability of fertility desires during the Colombian armed conflict 2000–2016
Svallfors, S. (2021) · Population, Space and Place · doi:10.1002/psp.2514 · Cited by 16
Association of Conflict-Affected Environment on Ethiopian Students’ Mental Health and Its Correlates During COVID-19 Era
Mengistu, N., Madoro, D., & Molla, W. (2021) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s338073 · Cited by 16
Interrelationships of Forced Migration, Fertility and Reproductive Health
Agadjanian, V. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67147-5_6 · Cited by 16
Effect of Armed Conflict and Displacement on Women’s Social, Cultural and Economic Roles and Responsibilities in Northern Uganda
Corbin, J. N. (2019) · Journal of Refugee Studies · doi:10.1093/jrs/fez015 · Cited by 15
Resettlement post conflict: Risk and protective factors and resilience among women in northern Uganda
Corbin, J. N., & Hall, J. C. (2018) · International Social Work · doi:10.1177/0020872818755863 · Cited by 19
Prevalence of and risk factors for substance use among Afghan refugees in Iran: An exploratory study
Naseh, M., Wagner, E. F., Abtahi, Z., Potocky, M., & Zahedi, L. (2019) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2019.1571976 · Cited by 15
A Qualitative Analysis of Substance Use among Liberian Youth: Understanding Behaviors, Consequences, and Protective Factors Involving School Youth and the School Milieu
Pullen, S. J., & Petruzzi, L. J. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health & Psychiatry · doi:10.4172/2471-4372.1000116 · Cited by 16
A risk score for prediction of poor treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients with diagnosed diabetes mellitus from eastern China
You, N., Pan, H., Zeng, Y., Lü, P., Zhu, L., Lu, W., Liu, Q., & Martínez, L. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90664-y · Cited by 13
Informing HIV prevention efforts targeting Liberian youth: a study using the PLACE method in Liberia
McCarraher, D. R., Chen, M., Wambugu, S., Sortijas, S., Succop, S., Aiyengba, B., Okigbo, C. C., & Pack, A. P. (2013) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/1742-4755-10-54 · Cited by 13
“It hurts so much to live for nothing”: Lived Experiences of Substance Use Among Refugee Youth in Displacement
Im, H., & George, N. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00472-0 · Cited by 14
A qualitative investigation of the perceived role of peers in influencing substance use among youth in Monrovia, Liberia
Lange, B. C. L., Pullen, S. J., Petruzzi, L. J., Parnarouskis, L., Dómínguez, S., Harris, B. L., Quiterio, N., Fernandez, P. J., Lekpeh, G. G., Slopadoe, S., et al. (2018) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2018.1425517 · Cited by 15
Impact of conflict and displacement on risk behaviours amongst people who inject drugs in Kabul, Afghanistan
Todd, C. S., Nasir, A., Stanekzai, M. R., Fiekert, K., Sipsma, H. L., Strathdee, S. A., & Vlahov, D. (2015) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.07.014 · Cited by 13
A Journey Without Planned Destination: Traumatic Transmigration Experiences of Refugee Children
Meda, L. (2016) · Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l integration et de la migration internationale · doi:10.1007/s12134-016-0477-x · Cited by 12
Substance use among refugees in three Lebanese camps: A cross-sectional study
Abbas, Z. H., Eiden, C., Salameh, P., & Peyrière, H. (2021) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103204 · Cited by 13
War experiences and psychotic symptoms among former child soldiers in Northern Uganda: the mediating role of post-war hardships – the WAYS Study
Amone‐P’Olak, K., Otim, B. N., Opio, G., Ovuga, E., & Meiser‐Stedman, R. (2014) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0081246314556567 · Cited by 12
War, forced displacement, and alcohol abuse: experiences and perceptions of war-affected south Sudanese refugee youth living in Bidibidi refugee settlement in northern Uganda
Makoha, G., & Denov, M. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1232504 · Cited by 13
Understanding processes of risk and protection that shape the sexual and reproductive health of young women affected by conflict: the price of protection
Hutchinson, A. J., Waterhouse, P., March‐McDonald, J., Neal, S., & Ingham, R. (2017) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-017-0117-x · Cited by 11
Self-reported diseases and their associated risk factors among camp-dwelling conflict-affected internally displaced populations in Nigeria
Ekezie, W. C., Myles, P. R., Murray, R. L., Bains, M., Timmons, S., & Pritchard, C. (2020) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa114 · Cited by 11
Inequity and benefit incidence analysis in healthcare use among Syrian refugees in Egypt
Fares, H., & Puig‐Junoy, J. (2021) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-021-00416-y · Cited by 11
A Pilot Study of a Teen Dating Violence Prevention Program With Karen Refugees
Ravi, K. E., Black, B. M., Mitschke, D. B., & Pearson, K. (2018) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801218804091 · Cited by 10
Perspectives of Frontline Professionals on Palestinian Children Living with Sibling and Parental Drug Use in the UNRWA Camps, Jordan
Wazaify, M., Abushams, L., Al-Afifi, M., Kewley, S., Quigg, Z., Whitfield, M., McVeigh, J., & Hout, M. C. V. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00293-1 · Cited by 10
Postpartum Family Planning Service Provision in Durban, South Africa: Client and Provider Perspectives
Marlow, H. M., Maman, S., Moodley, D., & Curtis, S. (2013) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2013.815753 · Cited by 10
Families Preparing a New Generation: Adaptation of an Adolescent Substance Use Intervention for Burmese Refugee Families
Nagoshi, J. L., Nagoshi, C. T., Small, E., Okumu, M., Marsiglia, F. F., Dustman, P. A., & Than, K.-C. (2018) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/701518 · Cited by 9
Alcohol: from Mesopotamia to Modern Iraq
Ansari, M. A., Dawson, A. J., & Conigrave, K. (2019) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2019.1657541 · Cited by 9
Risk Factors for and Consequences of Substance Use in Post-Conflict Liberia: A Qualitative Study
Prust, M. L., Curry, L. A., Callands, T. A., Drakes, J., McLean, K. E., Harris, B. L., & Hansen, N. B. (2017) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-017-0154-3 · Cited by 10
Alcohol and Drug Misuse Interventions in Conflict-Affected Populations
Greene, M. C., Kane, J. C., Krawczyk, N., Brown, F. L., Murray, L. K., Khoshnood, K., & Tol, W. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97046-2_11 · Cited by 9
Public health imperatives in countering drug related health threats and vulnerabilities in contemporary Palestinian refugee camps
Hout, M. C. V., Aaraj, E., & Maalouf, W. E. (2020) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102931 · Cited by 9
Understanding and Responding to Substance Use and Abuse in the Palestinian Refugee Camps in Lebanon Prior to and During COVID-19 Times
Aaraj, E., Haddad, P., Khalife, S., Fawaz, M. A., & Hout, M. C. V. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00714-9 · Cited by 9
Terrorism, civil war and related violence and substance use disorder morbidity and mortality: A global analysis
Kerridge, B. T., Khan, M. R., Rehm, J. T., & Sapkota, A. (2013) · Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.jegh.2013.10.003 · Cited by 9
Prevalence of pregnancy, unintended pregnancy, poor pregnancy outcome and its associated factors among female sex workers in Cameroon
Noah, J.-P. Y. A., Ndié, J., Muluh, C., Kana, R., Ndongo, F. A., Tabala, F. N., Anoubissi, J. D. D., Tedongmo, M. G., Wepnyu, Y. N., Bonyohe, M. G., et al. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23736-7 · Cited by 9

Authors: Ezard, N., Oppenheimer, E., Burton, A., Schilperoord, M., Macdonald, D., Adelekan, M., Sakarati, A., & van Ommeren, M.
Affiliations: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (CH)
Royal Blackburn Teaching Hospital (GB)
Corresponding author: Schilperoord, Marian
ORCID: Ezard, Nadine
Schilperoord, Marian
Venue: Conflict and Health
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2011-02-11
Volume: 5
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-1
ISSN: 1752-1505 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/1752-1505-5-1
PMC: PMC3050731
OpenAlex: W2112278442
Cited by: 160
References: 92
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 7.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Conflict and Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Greater South Information System
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Conflict Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Keywords: alcohol consumption, substance use, internally displaced persons, protracted displacement, humanitarian response, opiates, khat, benzodiazepines, HIV risk behavior, gender-based violence, household economy, health care access, rapid assessment, social norms, Kenya, Liberia, Northern Uganda, Iran, Pakistan, Thailand

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Six rapid assessments of alcohol and other substance use in populations displaced by conflict

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Figures

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks