Cited by 761Malaria Research and ControlMosquito-borne diseases and controlSpecies Distribution and Climate Change

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The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis

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Sinka, Marianne E, Bangs, Michael J, Manguin, Sylvie, Coetzee, Maureen, Mbogo, Charles M, Hemingway, Janet, Patil, Anand P, Temperley, Will H, Gething, Peter W, Kabaria, Caroline W, Okara, Robi M, Van Boeckel, Thomas, Godfray, H Charles J, Harbach, Ralph E, Hay, Simon I·2010·Parasites & Vectors

DOI 10.1186/1756-3305-3-117PMC PMC3016360

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BACKGROUND: This is the second in a series of three articles documenting the geographical distribution of 41 dominant vector species (DVS) of human malaria. The first paper addressed the DVS of the Americas and the third will consider those of the Asian Pacific Region. Here, the DVS of Africa, Europe and the Middle East are discussed. The continent of Africa experiences the bulk of the global malaria burden due in part to the presence of the An. gambiae complex. Anopheles gambiae is one of four DVS within the An. gambiae complex, the others being An. arabiensis and the coastal An. merus and An. melas. There are a further three, highly anthropophilic DVS in Africa, An. funestus, An. moucheti and An. nili. Conversely, across Europe and the Middle East, malaria transmission is low and frequently absent, despite the presence of six DVS. To help control malaria in Africa and the Middle East, or to identify the risk of its re-emergence in Europe, the contemporary distribution and bionomics of the relevant DVS are needed. RESULTS: A contemporary database of occurrence data, compiled from the formal literature and other relevant resources, resulted in the collation of information for seven DVS from 44 countries in Africa containing 4234 geo-referenced, independent sites. In Europe and the Middle East, six DVS were identified from 2784 geo-referenced sites across 49 countries. These occurrence data were combined with expert opinion ranges and a suite of environmental and climatic variables of relevance to anopheline ecology to produce predictive distribution maps using the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) method. CONCLUSIONS: The predicted geographic extent for the following DVS (or species/suspected species complex*) is provided for Africa: Anopheles (Cellia) arabiensis, An. (Cel.) funestus*, An. (Cel.) gambiae, An. (Cel.) melas, An. (Cel.) merus, An. (Cel.) moucheti and An. (Cel.) nili*, and in the European and Middle Eastern Region: An. (Anopheles) atroparvus, An. (Ano.) labranchiae, An. (Ano.) messeae, An. (Ano.) sacharovi, An. (Cel.) sergentii and An. (Cel.) superpictus*. These maps are presented alongside a bionomics summary for each species relevant to its control.

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Figure 1 Map details: The predicted distribution of An. gambiae mapped using hybrid data (1443 occurrence data plus 500 pseudo-presences weighted at half that of the occurrence data and randomly selected from within the Expert Opinion (EO) range). Pseudo-absences (14430) were generated at a ratio of 10:1 absence to presence points, and were randomly selected from within the 1500 km buffer surrounding the EO (EO shown in the inset map). Predictions are not shown beyond the buffer boundary. The black dots show the 1443 occurrence records for An. gambiae. Map statistics: Deviance = 0.114, Correlation = 0.9195, Discrimination (AUC) = 0.989, Kappa = 0.9003. Environmental variables: 1. Prec (mean), 2. Prec (max), 3. DEM, 4. Prec (A2) 5. LST (min), (Please see Additional file 2 for abbreviations and definitions). Copyright: Licensed to the Malaria Atlas Project [64] under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Citation: Sinka et al. (2010) The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis, Parasites & Vectors 2010, 3:117.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Additional file 2 of Data-driven and interpretable machine-learning modeling to explore the fine-scale environmental determinants of malaria vectors biting rates in rural Burkina Faso
Taconet, P., Porciani, A., Soma, D. D., Mouline, K., Simard, F., Koffi, A. A., Pennetier, C., Dabiré, R. K., Mangeas, M., & Moiroux, N. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14880656
Additional file 1 of Data-driven and interpretable machine-learning modeling to explore the fine-scale environmental determinants of malaria vectors biting rates in rural Burkina Faso
Taconet, P., Porciani, A., Soma, D. D., Mouline, K., Simard, F., Koffi, A. A., Pennetier, C., Dabiré, R. K., Mangeas, M., & Moiroux, N. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14880653
Additional file 3 of Microsporidia MB in the primary malaria vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto is avirulent and undergoes maternal and horizontal transmission
Nattoh, G., Onyango, B., Makhulu, E. E., Omoke, D., Ang’ang’o, L. M., Kamau, L., Machani, M. G., Ochomo, E., & Herren, J. K. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24196709
Additional file 1 of Phylogenomics revealed migration routes and adaptive radiation timing of Holarctic malaria mosquito species of the Maculipennis Group
Yurchenko, A. A., Naumenko, A. N., Николаевич, А. Г., Karagodin, D. A., Hodge, J. M., Velichevskaya, A. I., Андреевна, К. А., Bondarenko, S. M., Abai, M. R., Kamali, M., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22619725
Additional file 5 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
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Additional file 1 of Molecular characterization and genotype distribution of thioester-containing protein 1 gene in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in western Kenya
Onyango, S. A., Ochwedo, K. O., Machani, M. G., Olumeh, J. O., Debrah, I., Omondi, C. J., Ogolla, S., Lee, M.-C., Zhou, G., Kokwaro, E. D., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20472621
Additional file 1 of Whole genome sequence analysis of population structure and insecticide resistance markers in Anopheles melas from the Bijagós Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau
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Additional file 4 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
Ebhodaghe, F. I., Sánchez-Vargas, I., Isaac, C., Foy, B. D., & Hemming‐Schroeder, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26686158
Additional file 4 of Data-driven and interpretable machine-learning modeling to explore the fine-scale environmental determinants of malaria vectors biting rates in rural Burkina Faso
Taconet, P., Porciani, A., Soma, D. D., Mouline, K., Simard, F., Koffi, A. A., Pennetier, C., Dabiré, R. K., Mangeas, M., & Moiroux, N. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14880662
Additional file 3 of Comparative efficacy of BG-Sentinel 2 and CDC-like mosquito traps for monitoring potential malaria vectors in Europe
Bertola, M., Fornasiero, D., Sgubin, S., Mazzon, L., Pombi, M., & Montarsi, F. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19728544
Additional file 3 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
Ebhodaghe, F. I., Sánchez-Vargas, I., Isaac, C., Foy, B. D., & Hemming‐Schroeder, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26686155
Additional file 4 of Comparative efficacy of BG-Sentinel 2 and CDC-like mosquito traps for monitoring potential malaria vectors in Europe
Bertola, M., Fornasiero, D., Sgubin, S., Mazzon, L., Pombi, M., & Montarsi, F. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19728547
Additional file 4 of Microsporidia MB in the primary malaria vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto is avirulent and undergoes maternal and horizontal transmission
Nattoh, G., Onyango, B., Makhulu, E. E., Omoke, D., Ang’ang’o, L. M., Kamau, L., Machani, M. G., Ochomo, E., & Herren, J. K. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24196712
Additional file 2 of Estimates of the population size and dispersal range of Anopheles arabiensis in Northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: implications for a planned pilot programme to release sterile male mosquitoes
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Additional file 3 of History of malaria control in Rwanda: implications for future elimination in Rwanda and other malaria-endemic countries
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Additional file 7 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
Ebhodaghe, F. I., Sánchez-Vargas, I., Isaac, C., Foy, B. D., & Hemming‐Schroeder, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26686167
Additional file 8 of Predicting the impact of outdoor vector control interventions on malaria transmission intensity from semi-field studies
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Additional file 8 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
Ebhodaghe, F. I., Sánchez-Vargas, I., Isaac, C., Foy, B. D., & Hemming‐Schroeder, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26686170
Additional file 3 of Data-driven and interpretable machine-learning modeling to explore the fine-scale environmental determinants of malaria vectors biting rates in rural Burkina Faso
Taconet, P., Porciani, A., Soma, D. D., Mouline, K., Simard, F., Koffi, A. A., Pennetier, C., Dabiré, R. K., Mangeas, M., & Moiroux, N. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14880659
Additional file 1 of Anti-mosquito properties of Pelargonium roseum (Geraniaceae) and Juniperus virginiana (Cupressaceae) essential oils against dominant malaria vectors in Africa
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Additional file 1 of Mapping current and future thermal limits to suitability for malaria transmission by the invasive mosquito Anopheles stephensi
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Additional file 1 of The Anopheles coluzzii range extends into Kenya: detection, insecticide resistance profiles and population genetic structure in relation to conspecific populations in West and Central Africa
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Self-citation
Additional file 2 of A DNA barcode reference library of Croatian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): implications for identification and delimitation of species, with notes on the distribution of potential vector species
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Additional file 2 of Predatory and competitive interaction in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato larval breeding habitats in selected villages of central Uganda
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Additional file 1 of Geographically extensive larval surveys reveal an unexpected scarcity of primary vector mosquitoes in a region of persistent malaria transmission in western Zambia
Cross, D. E., Thomas, C., McKeown, N. J., Siaziyu, V., Healey, A., Willis, T., Singini, D., Liywalii, F., Silumesii, A., Sakala, J., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13684663
Additional file 2 of The interplay between malaria vectors and human activity accounts for high residual malaria transmission in a Burkina Faso village with universal ITN coverage
Perugini, E., Guelbeogo, W. M., Guglielmo, F., Poggi, C., Gabrieli, E., Ranson, H., della Torre, A., & Pombi, M. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22624544
Additional file 2 of Comparative efficacy of BG-Sentinel 2 and CDC-like mosquito traps for monitoring potential malaria vectors in Europe
Bertola, M., Fornasiero, D., Sgubin, S., Mazzon, L., Pombi, M., & Montarsi, F. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19728541
Additional file 3 of The interplay between malaria vectors and human activity accounts for high residual malaria transmission in a Burkina Faso village with universal ITN coverage
Perugini, E., Guelbeogo, W. M., Guglielmo, F., Poggi, C., Gabrieli, E., Ranson, H., della Torre, A., & Pombi, M. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22624547
Additional file 2 of An assessment of adult mosquito collection techniques for studying species abundance and diversity in Maferinyah, Guinea
Cansado-Utrilla, C., Jeffries, C. L., Kristan, M., Brugman, V. A., Heard, P., Camara, G., Sylla, M., Béavogui, A. H., Messenger, L. A., Irish, S. R., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12028398
Additional file 5 of Data-driven and interpretable machine-learning modeling to explore the fine-scale environmental determinants of malaria vectors biting rates in rural Burkina Faso
Taconet, P., Porciani, A., Soma, D. D., Mouline, K., Simard, F., Koffi, A. A., Pennetier, C., Dabiré, R. K., Mangeas, M., & Moiroux, N. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14880665
Additional file 1 of A systematic review assessing the potential for release of vector species from competition following insecticide-based population suppression of Anopheles species in Africa
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Additional file 2 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
Ebhodaghe, F. I., Sánchez-Vargas, I., Isaac, C., Foy, B. D., & Hemming‐Schroeder, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26686152
Additional file 2 of History of malaria control in Rwanda: implications for future elimination in Rwanda and other malaria-endemic countries
Karema, C., Wen, S., Sidibe, A., Smith, J. L., Gosling, R., Hakizimana, E., Tanner, M., Noor, A. M., & Tatarsky, A. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13064496
Additional file 1 of The interplay between malaria vectors and human activity accounts for high residual malaria transmission in a Burkina Faso village with universal ITN coverage
Perugini, E., Guelbeogo, W. M., Guglielmo, F., Poggi, C., Gabrieli, E., Ranson, H., della Torre, A., & Pombi, M. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22624541
Additional file 1 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
Ebhodaghe, F. I., Sánchez-Vargas, I., Isaac, C., Foy, B. D., & Hemming‐Schroeder, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26686149
Additional file 6 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
Ebhodaghe, F. I., Sánchez-Vargas, I., Isaac, C., Foy, B. D., & Hemming‐Schroeder, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26686164
Additional file 2 of Geographically extensive larval surveys reveal an unexpected scarcity of primary vector mosquitoes in a region of persistent malaria transmission in western Zambia
Cross, D. E., Thomas, C., McKeown, N. J., Siaziyu, V., Healey, A. J. E., Willis, T., Singini, D., Liywalii, F., Silumesii, A., Sakala, J., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13684666
Additional file 1 of An assessment of adult mosquito collection techniques for studying species abundance and diversity in Maferinyah, Guinea
Cansado-Utrilla, C., Jeffries, C. L., Kristan, M., Brugman, V. A., Heard, P., Camara, G., Sylla, M., Béavogui, A. H., Messenger, L. A., Irish, S. R., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12028392

Authors: Sinka, M. E., Bangs, M. J., Manguin, S., Coetzee, M., Mbogo, C. M., Hemingway, J., Patil, A. P., Temperley, W. H., Gething, P. W., Kabaria, C. W., Okara, R. M., Van Boeckel, T., Godfray, H. C. J., Harbach, R. E., & Hay, S. I.
Affiliations: University of Oxford (GB)
Université de Montpellier (FR)
National Health Laboratory Service (ZA)
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KE)
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (GB)
Kenyatta National Hospital (KE)
Natural History Museum (GB)
Corresponding author: Sinka, Marianne E
Hay, Simon I
ORCID: Sinka, Marianne E
Bangs, Michael J
Manguin, Sylvie
Coetzee, Maureen
Mbogo, Charles M
Hemingway, Janet
Gething, Peter W
Kabaria, Caroline W
Harbach, Ralph E
Hay, Simon I
Venue: Parasites & Vectors
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2010-12
Volume: 3
Issue: 1
Pages: 117-117
ISSN: 1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-117
PMC: PMC3016360
OpenAlex: W2166231658
Cited by: 761
References: 350
Citations by year: 2026: 39 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 27.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 (tdm)
Locations: Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Greater South Information System
Funders: Wellcome Trust (083534, 079080, 079091)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecological Modeling › Species Distribution and Climate Change
Keywords: malaria vectors, Anopheles, geographic distribution, Anopheles gambiae s.l., Anopheles funestus, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles melas, Anopheles merus, Anopheles moucheti, Anopheles nili, Anopheles atroparvus, Anopheles labranchiae, Anopheles messeae, Anopheles sacharovi, Anopheles sergentii, Anopheles superpictus, bionomics

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The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis

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