The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 91 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The neurobiological basis of ADHD
Open accessAbstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is not a single pathophysiological entity and appears to have a complex etiology. There are multiple genetic and environmental risk factors with small individual effect that act in concert to create a spectrum of neurobiological liability. Structural imaging studies show that brains of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder are significantly smaller than unaffected controls. The prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum are differentially affected and evidence indicating reduced connectivity in white matter tracts in key brain areas is emerging. Genetic, pharmacological, imaging, and animal models highlight the important role of dopamine dysregulation in the neurobiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. To date, stimulants are the most effective psychopharmacological treatments available for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Currently only immediate release methylphenidate and atomoxetine are approved for the treatment of ADHD in Italy. Drug treatment should always be part of a comprehensive plan that includes psychosocial, behavioural and educational advice and interventions.
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“Reduced maternal thyroid capacity, poor maternal wellness, maternal age, post-maturity of the foetus, long working hours, maternal stress, foetal stress, prenatal exposure to alcohol and tobacco, and antepartum haemorrhage are prenatal factors that could influence ADHD development [54, 58, 65].”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
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“highlighting prenatal, perinatal and postnatal difficulties, psychological adversities, exposure to chemical contaminants, or iron deficiency as factors that increase the probability of developing ADHD [54]”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
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“The ADHD aetiology is complex with a multiple pathophysiological entity involving multiple genetic and environmental factors, acting together, and creating a spectrum of neurobiological responsibility [54]”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
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“Genetics has a great weight in ADHD, with a heritability ranging from 60% to 90% according to several studies carried out in twins [54, 56].”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
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“Dysregulation of the dopaminergic system is related to the ADHD symptoms and signs [54].”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
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Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis
Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942 · Cited by 5,346
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation
Shaw, P., Eckstrand, K., Sharp, W., Blumenthal, J., Lerch, J. P., Greenstein, D., Clasen, L., Evans, A., Giedd, J., & Rapoport, J. L. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0707741104 · Cited by 1,819
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Biederman, J., & Faraone, S. V. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66915-2 · Cited by 1,463
Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Faraone, S. V., & Larsson, H. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0 · Cited by 1,338
Molina, B. S. G., Hinshaw, S. P., Swanson, J. M., Arnold, L. E., Vitiello, B., Jensen, P. S., Epstein, J. N., Hoza, B., Hechtman, L., Abikoff, H. B., et al. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31819c23d0 · Cited by 1,182
Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction
Castellanos, F. X., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Milham, M. P., & Tannock, R. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.01.011 · Cited by 1,170
SWANSON, J. M., KRAEMER, H. C., HINSHAW, S. P., ARNOLD, L. E., CONNERS, C. K., ABIKOFF, H. B., CLEVENGER, W., DAVIES, M., ELLIOTT, G. R., GREENHILL, L. L., et al. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200102000-00011 · Cited by 1,157
Candidate gene studies of ADHD: a meta-analytic review
Gizer, I. R., Ficks, C., & Waldman, I. D. (2009) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0694-x · Cited by 1,020
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Sen B Swaminathan S Maternal prenatal substance use and behavior problems among children in the U.S J Ment Health Policy Econ 2007 10 189 206 18166830
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Roles of Serotonin in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Pourhamzeh, M., Moravej, F. G., Arabi, M., Shahriari, E., Mehrabi, S., Ward, R. T., Ahadi, R., & Joghataei, M. T. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-021-01064-9 · Cited by 409
Hyperactivity with Disrupted Attention by Activation of an Astrocyte Synaptogenic Cue
Nagai, J., Rajbhandari, A. K., Gangwani, M. R., Hachisuka, A., Coppola, G., Masmanidis, S. C., Fanselow, M. S., & Khakh, B. S. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.019 · Cited by 328
Deshpande, G., Wang, P., Rangaprakash, D., & Wilamowski, B. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/tcyb.2014.2379621 · Cited by 161
Hodgkins, P., Shaw, M., Coghill, D., & Hechtman, L. (2012) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0286-5 · Cited by 147
Glutamatergic synapses in neurodevelopmental disorders
Moretto, E., Murru, L., Martano, G., Sassone, J., & Passafaro, M. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.014 · Cited by 146
Metadata
- Authors
- Curatolo, P., D'Agati, E., & Moavero, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Curatolo, Paolo
- Venue
- Italian Journal of Pediatrics
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 79
- ISSN
- 1720-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1824-7288
- PMC
- PMC3016271
- OpenAlex
- W2163811629
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD pathophysiology, neurobiology of ADHD, genetic risk factors, environmental risk factors, structural brain abnormalities, prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, white matter connectivity, dopamine dysregulation, stimulant pharmacotherapy, methylphenidate, atomoxetine, psychosocial interventions
- MeSH terms
- Atomoxetine Hydrochloride, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Animals, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Basal Ganglia, Behavior Therapy, Brain, Cerebellum, Dopamine, Drug Therapy, Combination, Humans, Italy, Methylphenidate, Propylamines, Risk Factors, Dopamine Agents, Treatment Outcome, Prefrontal Cortex, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Evidence-Based Medicine
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