Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that affects 8-12% of children worldwide. Although the rate of ADHD falls with age, at least half of children with the disorder will have impairing symptoms in adulthood. Twin, adoption, and molecular genetic studies show ADHD to be highly heritable, and other findings have recorded obstetric complications and psychosocial adversity as predisposing risk factors. Converging evidence from animal and human studies implicates the dysregulation of frontal-subcortical-cerebellar catecholaminergic circuits in the pathophysiology of ADHD, and molecular imaging studies suggest that abnormalities of the dopamine transporter lead to impaired neurotransmission. Studies during the past decade have shown the safety and effectiveness of new non-stimulant drugs and long-acting formulations of methylphenidate and amfetamine. Other investigations have also clarified the appropriate role of targeted psychosocial treatments in the context of ongoing pharmacotherapy.
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The use of psychostimulants and the increased interest in ADHD has led to increased access to treatment for large numbers of children and adults.
“the use of psychostimulants and the increased interest in Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder has led to increased access to treatment for large numbers of children and adults [26].”
From Trends in psychiatric diagnoses, medications and psychological therapies in a large Swedish region: A population-based study (2020) · cites this paper as [26]
The etiology of ADHD is complex, with both genetic and environmental factors implicated in the disorder.
“The etiology of ADHD is complex, with both genetic and environmental factors implicated in the disorder”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Biederman & Faraone, 2005
The average heritability of ADHD is estimated at 76%.
“The average hereditability of ADHD is estimated at 76%”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Biederman & Faraone, 2005
Extreme parental discord, poor socioeconomic status, paternal violence, inconsistent parent-child relationships, maternal psychiatric disability, parental disapproval, family anxiety and foster placement have been reported as family random factors associated with behavioural disorders in childhood.
“Regarding the influence of psychosocial adversity in ADHD disorder development, extreme parental discord, poor socioeconomic status, paternal violence, inconsistent parent–child relationships, maternal psychiatric disability, parental disapproval, family anxiety and foster placement have been reported as family random factors associated with behavioural disorders in childhood [58, 70].”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [70]
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- Authors
- Biederman, J., & Faraone, S. V.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Biederman, Joseph
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-07
- Volume
- 366
- Issue
- 9481
- Pages
- 237-248
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2914686075
- Cited by
- 1,463
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 81 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 97
- FWCI
- 9.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity, heritability, risk factors, pregnancy complications, psychosocial adversity, dopamine transporter, neurotransmission, non-stimulant medication, amphetamine, psychosocial interventions, pharmacotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Humans, Risk Factors
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