Cited by 192Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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The neurobiological basis of ADHD

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Curatolo, Paolo, D'Agati, Elisa, Moavero, Romina·2010·Italian Journal of Pediatrics

DOI 10.1186/1824-7288-36-79PMC PMC3016271

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Abstract

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is not a single pathophysiological entity and appears to have a complex etiology. There are multiple genetic and environmental risk factors with small individual effect that act in concert to create a spectrum of neurobiological liability. Structural imaging studies show that brains of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder are significantly smaller than unaffected controls. The prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum are differentially affected and evidence indicating reduced connectivity in white matter tracts in key brain areas is emerging. Genetic, pharmacological, imaging, and animal models highlight the important role of dopamine dysregulation in the neurobiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. To date, stimulants are the most effective psychopharmacological treatments available for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Currently only immediate release methylphenidate and atomoxetine are approved for the treatment of ADHD in Italy. Drug treatment should always be part of a comprehensive plan that includes psychosocial, behavioural and educational advice and interventions.

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Authors: Curatolo, P., D'Agati, E., & Moavero, R.
Affiliations: University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
Corresponding author: Curatolo, Paolo
ORCID: Curatolo, Paolo
Moavero, Romina
Venue: Italian Journal of Pediatrics
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2010
Volume: 36
Issue: 1
Pages: 79
ISSN: 1720-8424 (ISSN-L)
1824-7288
DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-36-79
PMC: PMC3016271
OpenAlex: W2163811629
Cited by: 189
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 1.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD pathophysiology, neurobiology of ADHD, genetic risk factors, environmental risk factors, structural brain abnormalities, prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, white matter connectivity, dopamine dysregulation, stimulant pharmacotherapy, methylphenidate, atomoxetine, psychosocial interventions
MeSH terms: Atomoxetine Hydrochloride, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Animals, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Basal Ganglia, Behavior Therapy, Brain, Cerebellum, Dopamine, Drug Therapy, Combination, Humans, Italy, Methylphenidate, Propylamines, Risk Factors, Dopamine Agents, Treatment Outcome, Prefrontal Cortex, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Evidence-Based Medicine

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