Alcohol-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the fetal macaque brain
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: In utero exposure of the fetal non-human primate (NHP) brain to alcohol on a single occasion during early or late third-trimester gestation triggers widespread acute apoptotic death of cells in both gray and white matter (WM) regions of the fetal brain. In a prior publication, we documented that the dying gray matter cells are neurons, and described the regional distribution and magnitude of this cell death response. Here, we present new findings regarding the magnitude, identity and maturational status of the dying WM cells in these alcohol-exposed fetal NHP brains. RESULTS: Our findings document that the dying WM cells belong to the oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage. OLs become vulnerable when they are just beginning to generate myelin basic protein in preparation for myelinating axons, and they remain vulnerable throughout later stages of myelination. We found no evidence linking astrocytes, microglia or OL progenitors to this WM cell death response. The mean density (profiles per mm3) of dying WM cells in alcohol-exposed brains was 12.7 times higher than the mean density of WM cells dying by natural apoptosis in drug-naive control brains. CONCLUSIONS: In utero exposure of the fetal NHP brain to alcohol on a single occasion triggers widespread acute apoptotic death of neurons (previous study) and of OLs (present study) throughout WM regions of the developing brain. The rate of OL apoptosis in alcohol-exposed brains was 12.7 times higher than the natural OL apoptosis rate. OLs become sensitive to the apoptogenic action of alcohol when they are just beginning to generate constituents of myelin in their cytoplasm, and they remain vulnerable throughout later stages of myelination. There is growing evidence for a similar apoptotic response of both neurons and OLs following exposure of the developing brain to anesthetic and anticonvulsant drugs. Collectively, this body of evidence raises important questions regarding the role that neuro and oligo apoptosis may play in the human condition known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), and also poses a question whether other apoptogenic drugs, although long considered safe for pediatric/obstetric use, may have the potential to cause iatrogenic FASD-like developmental disability syndromes.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Oligoapoptogenic action of alcohol depends on maturational stage of oligodendrocyte.
“In this relation, it would be noteworthy that oligoapoptogenic action of alcohol depends on maturational stage of oligodendrocyte18.”
From Transient blockade of ERK phosphorylation in the critical period causes autistic phenotypes as an adult in mice (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
General anesthetics and alcohol reportedly caused apoptotic death mainly in neurons and oligodendrocytes, but not in astrocytes.
“Similarly, general anesthetics and alcohol reportedly caused apoptotic death mainly in neurons and oligodendrocytes, but not in astrocytes1718.”
From Transient blockade of ERK phosphorylation in the critical period causes autistic phenotypes as an adult in mice (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt
Dobbing, J., & Sands, J. (1979) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/0378-3782(79)90022-7 · Cited by 2,506 · see citing works
Blockade of NMDA Receptors and Apoptotic Neurodegeneration in the Developing Brain
Ikonomidou, C., Bosch, F., Miksa, M., Bittigau, P., Vöckler, J., Dikranian, K., Tenkova, T. I., Stefovska, V., Turski, L., & Olney, J. W. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5398.70 · Cited by 2,055 · see citing works
Self-citationJevtovic-Todorovic, V., Hartman, R. E., Izumi, Y., Benshoff, N. D., Dikranian, K., Zorumski, C. F., Olney, J. W., & Wozniak, D. F. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-03-00876.2003 · Cited by 1,983 · see citing works
Self-citationBiology of Oligodendrocyte and Myelin in the Mammalian Central Nervous System
Baumann, N., & Pham-Dinh, D. (2001) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.871 · Cited by 1,828 · see citing works
Adams, R. D., & Victor, M. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,718 · see citing works
Early Exposure to Anesthesia and Learning Disabilities in a Population-based Birth Cohort
Wilder, R. T., Flick, R. P., Šprung, J., Katusic, S. K., Barbaresi, W. J., Mickelson, C., Gleich, S. J., Schroeder, D. R., Weaver, A. L., & Warner, D. O. (2009) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/01.anes.0000344728.34332.5d · Cited by 1,358 · see citing works
Ethanol-Induced Apoptotic Neurodegeneration and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Ikonomidou, C., Bittigau, P., Ishimaru, M. J., Wozniak, D. F., Koch, C. A., Genz, K., Price, M. T., Stefovska, V. G., Hörster, F., Tenkova, T., et al. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5455.1056 · Cited by 1,357 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive and Behavioral Outcomes After Early Exposure to Anesthesia and Surgery
Flick, R. P., Katusic, S. K., Colligan, R. C., Wilder, R. T., Voigt, R. G., Olson, M. D., Šprung, J., Weaver, A. L., Schroeder, D. R., & Warner, D. O. (2011) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0351 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Cognitive Function at 3 Years of Age after Fetal Exposure to Antiepileptic Drugs
Meador, K. J., Baker, G. A., Browning, N., Clayton-Smith, J., Combs-Cantrell, D. T., Cohen, M., Kalayjian, L. A., Kanner, A., Liporace, J. D., Pennell, P. B., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0803531 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
Selective Vulnerability of Late Oligodendrocyte Progenitors to Hypoxia–Ischemia
Back, S. A., Han, B. H., Luo, N. L., Chricton, C. A., Xanthoudakis, S., Tam, J., Arvin, K. L., & Holtzman, D. M. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-02-00455.2002 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
Antiepileptic drugs and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain
Bittigau, P., Sifringer, M., Genz, K., Reith, E., Pospischil, D., Govindarajalu, S., Dzietko, M., Pesditschek, S., Mai, I., Dikranian, K. T., et al. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.222550499 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
Self-citationFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Overview with Emphasis on Changes in Brain and Behavior
Riley, E. P., & Petrenko, C. L. M. (2005) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/15353702-0323006-03 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Ketamine-Induced Neuronal Cell Death in the Perinatal Rhesus Monkey
Slikker, W., Zou, X., Hotchkiss, C. E., Divine, R. L., Sadovova, N., Twaddle, N. C., Doerge, D. R., Scallet, A. C., Patterson, T. A., Hanig, J. P., et al. (2007) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm084 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Long-term Differences in Language and Cognitive Function After Childhood Exposure to Anesthesia
Ing, C. H., DiMaggio, C. J., Whitehouse, A., Hegarty, M. K., Brady, J. E., von Ungern-Sternberg, B. S., Davidson, A. J., Wood, A. J. J., Li, G., & Sun, L. S. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-3822 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Isoflurane-induced Neuroapoptosis in the Neonatal Rhesus Macaque Brain
Brambrink, A. M., Evers, A. S., Avidan, M. S., Farber, N. B., Smith, D. J., Zhang, X., Dissen, G. A., Creeley, C. E., & Olney, J. W. (2010) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e3181d049cd · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Self-citationPaule, M. G., Li, M., Allen, R. R., Liu, F., Zou, X., Hotchkiss, C. E., Hanig, J. P., Patterson, T. A., Slikker, W., & Wang, C. (2011) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2011.01.001 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
DiMaggio, C. J., Sun, L. S., & Li, G. (2011) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e3182147f42 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Satomoto, M., Satoh, Y., Terui, K., Miyao, H., Takishima, K., Ito, M., & Imaki, J. (2009) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e3181974fa2 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
DiMaggio, C. J., Sun, L. S., Kakavouli, A., Byrne, M. W., & Li, G. (2009) · Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/ana.0b013e3181a71f11 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Young, C., Jevtović‐Todorović, V., Qin, Y.-Q., Tenkova, T. I., Wang, H., Labruyere, J., & Olney, J. W. (2005) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706301 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuropsychiatric implications and long-term consequences of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Streissguth, A. P., & O’Malley, K. D. (2000) · Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1053/scnp.2000.6729 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Lin, S.-C., & Bergles, D. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1162 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Ketamine-induced Neuroapoptosis in the Fetal and Neonatal Rhesus Macaque Brain
Brambrink, A. M., Evers, A. S., Avidan, M. S., Farber, N. B., Smith, D. J., Martin, L. D., Dissen, G. A., Creeley, C. E., & Olney, J. W. (2012) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e318242b2cd · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Self-citationFredriksson, A., Pontén, E., Gordh, T., & Eriksson, P. (2007) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/01.anes.0000278892.62305.9c · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Šprung, J., Flick, R. P., Katusic, S. K., Colligan, R. C., Barbaresi, W. J., Bojanić, K., Welch, T. L., Olson, M. D., Hanson, A. C., Schroeder, D. R., et al. (2012) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.11.008 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Mental Illness in Adults With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Fetal Alcohol Effects
Famy, C., Streissguth, A. P., & Unis, A. S. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.4.552 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Stratmann, G., Sall, J. W., May, L. D. V., Bell, J. S., Magnusson, K. R., Rau, V., Visrodia, K., Alvi, R. S., Ku, B., Lee, M. T., et al. (2009) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e31819c463d · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Ethanol-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing C57BL/6 mouse brain
Olney, J. W., Tenkova, T. I., Dikranian, K. T., Qin, Y.-Q., Labruyere, J., & Ikonomidou, C. (2002) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(02)00279-1 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationWozniak, D. F., Hartman, R. E., Boyle, M. A., Vogt, S. K., Brooks, A., Tenkova, T. I., YOUNG, C., Olney, J. W., & Muglia, L. J. (2004) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2004.08.006 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Self-citationIstaphanous, G. K., Howard, J., Nan, X., Hughes, E. A., McCann, J., McAuliffe, J. J., Danzer, S. C., & Loepke, A. W. (2011) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e3182084a70 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Isoflurane‐induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the neonatal primate brain
Brambrink, A. M., Back, S. A., Riddle, A., Gong, X., Moravec, M. D., Dissen, G. A., Creeley, C. E., Dikranian, K. T., & Olney, J. W. (2012) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.23652 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Self-citationProlonged exposure to ketamine increases neurodegeneration in the developing monkey brain
Zou, X., Patterson, T. A., Divine, R. L., Sadovova, N., Zhang, X., Hanig, J. P., Paule, M. G., Slikker, W., & Wang, C. (2009) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.06.010 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Ethanol-Induced Caspase-3 Activation in the in Vivo Developing Mouse Brain
Olney, J. W., Tenkova, T. I., Dikranian, K. T., Muglia, L. J., Jermakowicz, W. J., D’Sa-Eipper, C., & Roth, K. A. (2002) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1006/nbdi.2001.0475 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationDunty, W. C., Chen, S., Zucker, R. M., Dehart, D. B., & Sulik, K. K. (2001) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02156.x · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Ethanol-induced neuronal apoptosis in vivo requires BAX in the developing mouse brain
Young, C., Klocke, B. J., Tenkova, T. I., Choi, J., Labruyere, J., Qin, Y.-Q., Holtzman, D. M., Roth, K. A., & Olney, J. W. (2003) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401277 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationBack, S. A., Luo, N. L., Borenstein, N. S., Volpe, J. J., & Kinney, H. C. (2002) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/61.2.197 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
RESEARCH ARTICLE: Clinical Anesthesia Causes Permanent Damage to the Fetal Guinea Pig Brain
Rizzi, S., Carter, L. B., Ori, C., & Jevtović‐Todorović, V. (2008) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00116.x · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Protective effects of caffeine on chronic hypoxia‐induced perinatal white matter injury
Back, S. A., Craig, A., Luo, N. L., Ren, J., Akundi, R. S., Ribeiro, I., & Rivkees, S. A. (2006) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21008 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Anesthetic Agents and the Immature Brain: Are These Toxic or Therapeutic?
Anand, K. J. S., & Soriano, S. G. (2004) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-200408000-00033 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Block, R. I., Thomas, J., Bayman, E. O., Choi, J. Y. J., Kimble, K. K., & Todd, M. M. (2012) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e3182644684 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis in the developing rodent cerebellum and related brain stem structures
Dikranian, K. T., Qin, Y.-Q., Labruyere, J., Nemmers, B., & Olney, J. W. (2005) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.devbrainres.2004.11.005 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationInhalation anesthetic-induced neuronal damage in the developing rhesus monkey
Zou, X., Liu, F., Zhang, X., Patterson, T. A., Callicott, R. J., Liu, S., Hanig, J. P., Paule, M. G., Slikker, W., & Wang, C. (2011) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2011.06.003 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Apoptosis in the in Vivo Mammalian Forebrain
Dikranian, K. T., Ishimaru, M. J., Tenkova, T. I., Labruyere, J., Qin, Y., Ikonomidou, C., & Olney, J. W. (2001) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1006/nbdi.2001.0411 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationAlcohol, astroglia, and brain development
Guerri, C., & Renau‐Piqueras, J. (1997) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/bf02740616 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Lithium Protects against Anesthesia-induced Developmental Neuroapoptosis
Straiko, M. M. W., Young, C., Cattano, D., Creeley, C. E., Wang, H., Smith, D. J., Johnson, S. A., Li, E. S., & Olney, J. W. (2009) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e31819b5eab · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of fetal antiepileptic drug exposure
Meador, K. J., Baker, G. A., Browning, N., Cohen, M. J., Bromley, R., Clayton‐Smith, J., Kalayjian, L. A., Kanner, A. M., Liporace, J. D., Pennell, P. B., et al. (2012) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318250d824 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The Young: Neuroapoptosis Induced by Anesthetics and What to Do About It
Creeley, C. E., & Olney, J. W. (2010) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e3181c6b9ca · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of caspase-3 in ethanol-induced developmental neurodegeneration
Young, C., Roth, K. A., Klocke, B. J., West, T., Holtzman, D. M., Labruyere, J., Qin, Y.-Q., Dikranian, K. T., & Olney, J. W. (2005) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2005.04.014 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationSynapses on NG2‐expressing progenitors in the brain: multiple functions?
Gallo, V., Mangin, J., Kukley, M., & Dietrich, D. (2008) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.158436 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in the Immature Brain – Key Vascular and Cellular Players
Alvarez-Díaz, A., Hilario, E., Goñi‐de‐Cerio, F., Valls‐i‐Soler, A., & Alvarez, F. J. (2007) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000103741 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Rizzi, S., Ori, C., & Jevtović‐Todorović, V. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05173.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Alcohol-induced neuroapoptosis in the fetal macaque brain
Farber, N. B., Creeley, C. E., & Olney, J. W. (2010) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2010.05.025 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationEthanol-Induced Apoptosis in the Developing Visual System during Synaptogenesis
Tenkova, T. I., Young, C., Dikranian, K. T., Labruyere, J., & Olney, J. W. (2003) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0982 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurobehavioural deficits associated with apoptotic neurodegeneration and vulnerability for ADHD
Fredriksson, A., & Archer, T. (2004) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/bf03033280 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Ethanol causes and lithium prevents neuroapoptosis and suppression of pERK in the infant mouse brain
Young, C., Straiko, M. M. W., Johnson, S. A., Creeley, C. E., & Olney, J. W. (2008) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2008.05.009 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationParnell, S. E., Dehart, D. B., Wills, T. A., et al. (2006) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00212.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Tarantal, A. F., & Hendrickx, A. G. (1988) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1092220210 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Webber, D. J., van Blitterswijk, M., & Chandran, S. (2009) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2009.090051 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Severe alcohol intoxication: A study of 204 consecutive patients
Minion, G. E., Slovis, C. M., & Boutiette, L. (1989) · Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology · doi:10.3109/15563658909000358 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Let's Not Throw the Baby Out With the Bath Water
Soriano, S. G., & Loepke, A. W. (2005) · Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/01.ana.0000178113.72714.4b · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Central nervous system tolerance to high blood alcohol levels
Davis, A. R., & Lipson, A. (1986) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb113622.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Involvement of fractin in TGF‐β‐induced apoptosis in oligodendroglial progenitor cells
Schulz‐Heddergott, R., Vogel, T., Mashima, T., Tsuruo, T., & KRIEGLSTEIN, K. G. (2009) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20875 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Block, R. I., Thomas, J., Bayman, E. O., et al. (2013) · Survey of Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/sa.0b013e318287d938 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Goodrum (2000) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(20000215)59:4
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Yufune, S., Satoh, Y., Takamatsu, I., Ohta, H., Kobayashi, Y., Takaenoki, Y., Pagès, G., Pouysségur, J., Endo, S., & Kazama, T. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep10252 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
- Authors
- Creeley, C. E., Dikranian, K. T., Johnson, S. A., Farber, N. B., & Olney, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Creeley, Catherine E
- Venue
- Acta Neuropathologica Communications
- Published
- 2013-06-12
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-23
- ISSN
- 2051-5960 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3893424
- OpenAlex
- W2144836386
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 7.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Acta Neuropathologica Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA005072, DA05072)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 062171, R01HD052664, HD052664, P30HD062171)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal and fetal brain pathology
- Keywords
- prenatal alcohol exposure, oligodendrocyte apoptosis, myelination, myelin basic protein, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, neuronal apoptosis
- MeSH terms
- Ethanol, Animals, Brain, Central Nervous System Depressants, Myelin Basic Protein, Macaca fascicularis, Myelin Sheath, Oligodendroglia, Apoptosis, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, White Matter
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
