Persistent treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors and/or memantine slows clinical progression of Alzheimer disease
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: There are no empiric data to support guidelines for duration of therapy with antidementia drugs. This study examined whether persistent use of antidementia drugs slows clinical progression of Alzheimer disease (AD) assessed by repeated measures on serial tests of cognition and function. METHODS: Six hundred forty-one probable AD patients were followed prospectively at an academic center over 20 years. Cumulative drug exposure was expressed as a persistency index (PI) reflecting total years of drug use divided by total years of disease symptoms. Baseline and annual testing consisted of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog), Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination (BPMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB), Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL). Annual change in slope of neuropsychological and functional tests as predicted by follow-up time, PI, and the interaction of these two variables was evaluated. RESULTS: PI was associated with significantly slower rates of decline (with, without adjustment for covariates) on MMSE (P < 0.0001), PSMS (P < 0.05), IADL (P < 0.0001), and CDR-SB (P < 0.001). There was an insignificant trend (P = 0.053) for the PI to be associated with slower rate of decline on BPMSE. The association of PI with ADAS-Cog followed a quadratic trend (P < 0.01). Analysis including both linear and quadratic terms suggests that PI slowed ADAS-Cog decline temporarily. The magnitude of the favorable effect of a rate change in PI was: MMSE 1 point per year, PSMS 0.4 points per year, IADL 1.4 points per year, and CDR-SB 0.6 points per year. The change in mean test scores is additive over the follow-up period (3 +/- 1.94 years). CONCLUSIONS: Persistent drug treatment had a positive impact on AD progression assessed by multiple cognitive, functional, and global outcome measures. The magnitude of the treatment effect was clinically significant. Positive treatment effects were even found in those with advanced disease.
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Short-term randomized controlled trials, longer-term open-label extensions, and long-term observational prospective clinical cohort effectiveness studies support the safety and benefits of anti-AD treatments in combination, most frequently as memantine added on to a stable regimen of background cholinesterase inhibitor treatment.
“Short-term (6-12 months) RCTs (level I evidence), longer-term (12-36 months) openlabel extensions of RCTs (level II or III evidence), and long-term (2 to 5-plus years) observational prospective clinical cohort effectiveness studies (level II evidence) support the safety and benefits of anti-AD treatments in combination, most frequently as memantine added on to a stable regimen of background ChEI”
From The Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Spectrum (2019) · cites this paper as [115]
Longer-term prospective observational clinical patient cohort studies report reduced clinical decline in patients with AD treated at any stage.
“Longer-term prospective observational clinical patient cohort studies report reduced clinical decline in patients with AD treated at any stage.[114][115][116][117][118][119]”
From The Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Spectrum (2019) · cites this paper as [115]
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- Authors
- Rountree, S. D., Chan, W., Pavlik, V. N., Darby, E. J., Siddiqui, S., & Doody, R. S.
- Affiliations
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rountree, Susan D
- Venue
- Alzheimers Res Ther
- Published
- 2009-10-21
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 7-7
- ISSN
- 1758-9193 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2874259
- OpenAlex
- W2009458913
- Cited by
- 181
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 7.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Alzheimer s Research & Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alzheimer's Association
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, anti-dementia drugs, treatment duration, treatment persistence, clinical progression, cognitive decline, functional decline, instrumental activities of daily living, Clinical Dementia Rating, Mini-Mental State Examination, long-term drug exposure
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