Serum activin A and B levels predict outcome in patients with acute respiratory failure: a prospective cohort study
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: 30 day mortality in patients with Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is approximately 30%, defined as patients requiring ventilator support for more than 6 hours. Novel biomarkers are needed to predict patient outcomes and to guide potential future therapies. The activins A and B, members of the Transforming Growth Factor β family of proteins, and their binding protein, follistatin, have recently been shown to be important regulators of inflammation and fibrosis but no substantial data are available concerning their roles in ARF. Our objectives were to evaluate whether the serum levels of activin A, B and follistatin are elevated in 518 patients with ARF from the FINNALI study compared the concentrations in 138 normal subjects that form a reference range. Methods: Specific assays for activin A, B and follistatin were used and the results analyzed according to diagnostic groups as well as according to standard measures in intensive care. Multivariable logistic regression was used to create a model to predict death at 90 days and 12 months from the onset of the ARF. Results: Serum activin A and B were significantly elevated in most patients and in most of the diagnostic groups. Patients who had activin A and/or B concentrations above the reference maximum were significantly more likely to die in the 12 months following admission [either activin A or B above reference maximum: Positive Likelihood Ratio [LR+] 1.65 [95% CI 1.28-2.12,P = 0.00013]; both activin A and B above reference maximum: LR + 2.78 [95% CI 1.96-3.95,P < 0.00001]. The predictive model at 12 months had an overall accuracy of 80.2% [95% CI 76.6-83.3%]. Conclusions: The measurement of activin A and B levels in these patients with ARF would have assisted in predicting those at greatest risk of death. Given the existing data from animal studies linking high activin A levels to significant inflammatory challenges, the results from this study suggest that approaches to modulate activin A and B bioactivity should be explored as potential therapeutic agents.
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Mice deficient in IL-13, IL-4R, or IL-13Rβ1, and animals treated with neutralizing antibodies to IL-13 or IL-4R, display reduced fibrosis following many different types of tissue injury.
“IL-13, IL-4R, and IL-13Rβ1-deficient mice as well as animals treated with neutralizing antibodies to IL-13 or IL-4R display reduced fibrosis following many different types of tissue injury136–140”
From Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines (2020) · cites this paper as [137]
Type 2 cytokine signaling has a critical role in the progression of fibrosis.
“confirming a critical role for type 2 cytokine signaling in the progression of fibrosis”
From Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines (2020) · cites this paper as [137]
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de Kretser, D. M., Hedger, M. P., & Burger, H. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-18907-1.00117-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationActivin A and Follistatin Serum Concentrations in Breast Augmentation Patients
Zeplin, P. H. (2021) · Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1177/22925503211051120
Lydon, E., Osborne, C. M., Wagner, B. D., Ambroggio, L., Harris, J. K., Reeder, R., Carpenter, T. C., Maddux, A. B., Leroue, M. K., Yehya, N., et al. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4875988
Hypothalamic Pituitary Testis Axis
Liu, P. Y. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21477-6.00311-4
The Differentiation and Function of Th2 Cells
Chandler, J. S., & Gros, G. S. L. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824465-4.00273-8
Targeting the Alk4 pathway protects against age-related bone lossPreprint
Maridas, D. E., Chim, S. M., Burton, K. M., Doren, E. V., Gamer, L., Kirshen, K., Keles, E., Avalos, K., Kethani, R. S., & Rosen, V. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.24.684408
Valkó, L., Móró, V., Baglyas, S., Mező, B., Podmaniczky, E., Prohászka, Z., & Lorx, A. (2026) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-026-03785-x
- Authors
- de Kretser, D. M., Bensley, J. G., Pettilä, V., Linko, R., Hedger, M. P., Hayward, S., Allan, C. A., McLachlan, R. I., Ludlow, H., & Phillips, D. J.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
- Oxford Brookes University (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Critical Care
- Published
- 2013-10-31
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- R263-R263
- ISSN
- 1364-8535 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4057391
- OpenAlex
- W2109119251
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Critical Care (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Oxford Brookes University
- Kuopion Yliopistollinen Sairaala
- Vaasan Keskussairaala
- Tays
- Turun Yliopistollinen Keskussairaala
- Seinäjoen Keskussairaala
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory Support and Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Acute Kidney Injury Research
- Keywords
- activin A, activin B, follistatin, acute respiratory failure, mortality prediction, biomarkers, TGF-beta superfamily, intensive care, ventilator support, risk stratification
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Finland, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Respiratory Insufficiency, Biomarkers, APACHE, Activins, Follistatin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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