CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 39Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchNeuroscience and Music PerceptionGenetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Emotional prosodic change detection in autism Spectrum disorder: an electrophysiological investigation in children and adults

Open access
Charpentier, J., Kovarski, K., Houy-Durand, E., Malvy, J., Saby, A., Bonnet-Brilhault, F., Latinus, M., Gomot, M.·2018·Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
DOI 10.1186/s11689-018-9246-9PMC PMC6145332
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by atypical behaviors in social environments and in reaction to changing events. While this dyad of symptoms is at the core of the pathology along with atypical sensory behaviors, most studies have investigated only one dimension. A focus on the sameness dimension has shown that intolerance to change is related to an atypical pre-attentional detection of irregularity. In the present study, we addressed the same process in response to emotional change in order to evaluate the interplay between alterations of change detection and socio-emotional processing in children and adults with autism. METHODS: Brain responses to neutral and emotional prosodic deviancies (mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a, reflecting change detection and orientation of attention toward change, respectively) were recorded in children and adults with autism and in controls. Comparison of neutral and emotional conditions allowed distinguishing between general deviancy and emotional deviancy effects. Moreover, brain responses to the same neutral and emotional stimuli were recorded when they were not deviants to evaluate the sensory processing of these vocal stimuli. RESULTS: In controls, change detection was modulated by prosody: in children, this was characterized by a lateralization of emotional MMN to the right hemisphere, and in adults, by an earlier MMN for emotional deviancy than for neutral deviancy. In ASD, an overall atypical change detection was observed with an earlier MMN and a larger P3a compared to controls suggesting an unusual pre-attentional orientation toward any changes in the auditory environment. Moreover, in children with autism, deviancy detection depicted reduced MMN amplitude. In addition in children with autism, contrary to adults with autism, no modulation of the MMN by prosody was present and sensory processing of both neutral and emotional vocal stimuli appeared atypical. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, change detection remains altered in people with autism. However, differences between children and adults with ASD evidence a trend toward normalization of vocal processing and of the automatic detection of emotion deviancy with age.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s11689-018-9246-9

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 70

  1. [3]Klin A Young autistic children’s listening preferences in regard to speech: a possible characterization of the symptom of social withdrawal J Autism Dev Disord 1991 21 29 42 10.1007/BF02206995 1828067 · DOI · Paper page
  2. [4]Kuhl PK Coffey-Corina S Padden D Dawson G Links between social and linguistic processing of speech in preschool children with autism: behavioral and electrophysiological measures Dev Sci 2005 8 F1 12 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00384.x 15647058 · DOI · Paper page
  3. [5]Boucher J Lewis V Collis GM Voice processing abilities in children with autism, children with specific language impairments, and young typically developing children J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2000 41 847 857 10.1111/1469-7610.00672 11079427 · DOI
  4. [7]Bidet-Caulet A Latinus M Roux S Malvy J Bonnet-Brilhault F Bruneau N Atypical sound discrimination in children with ASD as indicated by cortical ERPs J Neurodev Disord 2017 9 13 10.1186/s11689-017-9194-9 28396700 PMC5381025 · DOI · Paper page
  5. [8]Gervais H Belin P Boddaert N Leboyer M Coez A Sfaello I Abnormal cortical voice processing in autism Nat Neurosci 2004 7 801 802 10.1038/nn1291 15258587 · DOI · Paper page
  6. [9]Schelinski S, Borowiak K, von Kriegstein K. Temporal voice areas exist in autism spectrum disorder but are dysfunctional for voice identity recognition. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2016. PMC5091681 27369067
  7. [11]Kujala T Kuuluvainen S Saalasti S Jansson-Verkasalo E von Wendt L Lepistö T Speech-feature discrimination in children with Asperger syndrome as determined with the multi-feature mismatch negativity paradigm Clin Neurophysiol Off J Int Fed Clin Neurophysiol. 2010 121 1410 1419 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.03.017 20382070 · DOI
  8. [12]Lepistö T Nieminen-von Wendt T von Wendt L Näätänen R Kujala T Auditory cortical change detection in adults with Asperger syndrome Neurosci Lett 2007 414 136 140 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.12.009 17197079 · DOI
  9. [13]Jansson-Verkasalo E Ceponiene R Kielinen M Suominen K Jäntti V Linna SL Deficient auditory processing in children with Asperger syndrome, as indexed by event-related potentials Neurosci Lett 2003 338 197 200 10.1016/S0304-3940(02)01405-2 12581830 · DOI
  10. [14]Russo N Zecker S Trommer B Chen J Kraus N Effects of background noise on cortical encoding of speech in autism spectrum disorders J Autism Dev Disord 2009 39 1185 1196 10.1007/s10803-009-0737-0 19353261 PMC2810203 · DOI
  11. [15]Jansson-Verkasalo E Kujala T Jussila K Mattila ML Moilanen I Näätänen R Similarities in the phenotype of the auditory neural substrate in children with Asperger syndrome and their parents Eur J Neurosci 2005 22 986 990 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04216.x 16115221 · DOI
  12. [16]Gomot M Blanc R Clery H Roux S Barthelemy C Bruneau N Candidate electrophysiological endophenotypes of hyper-reactivity to change in autism J Autism Dev Disord 2011 41 705 714 10.1007/s10803-010-1091-y 20827502 · DOI
  13. [17]Gomot M Giard M-H Adrien J-L Barthelemy C Bruneau N Hypersensitivity to acoustic change in children with autism: electrophysiological evidence of left frontal cortex dysfunctioning Psychophysiology 2002 39 577 584 10.1111/1469-8986.3950577 12236323 · DOI
  14. [18]Lepistö T Silokallio S Nieminen-von Wendt T Alku P Näätänen R Kujala T Auditory perception and attention as reflected by the brain event-related potentials in children with Asperger syndrome Clin Neurophysiol Off J Int Fed Clin Neurophysiol. 2006 117 2161 2171 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.06.709 16890012 · DOI
  15. [19]Kasai K Hashimoto O Kawakubo Y Yumoto M Kamio S Itoh K Delayed automatic detection of change in speech sounds in adults with autism: a magnetoencephalographic study Clin Neurophysiol Off J Int Fed Clin Neurophysiol. 2005 116 1655 1664 10.1016/j.clinph.2005.03.007 15899591 · DOI
  16. [20]Lepistö T Kujala T Vanhala R Alku P Huotilainen M Näätänen R The discrimination of and orienting to speech and non-speech sounds in children with autism Brain Res 2005 1066 147 157 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.10.052 16325159 · DOI
  17. [21]Lepistö T Kajander M Vanhala R Alku P Huotilainen M Näätänen R The perception of invariant speech features in children with autism Biol Psychol 2008 77 25 31 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.08.010 17919805 · DOI
  18. [22]Kujala T Aho E Lepistö T Jansson-Verkasalo E Nieminen-von Wendt T von Wendt L Atypical pattern of discriminating sound features in adults with Asperger syndrome as reflected by the mismatch negativity Biol Psychol 2007 75 109 114 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.12.007 17257732 · DOI
  19. [23]Goodfellow S Nowicki S Social adjustment, academic adjustment, and the ability to identify emotion in facial expressions of 7-year-old children J Genet Psychol 2009 170 234 243 10.1080/00221320903218281 19928317 · DOI
  20. [24]Grossman RB Judgments of social awkwardness from brief exposure to children with and without high-functioning autism Autism Int J Res Pract. 2015 19 580 587 10.1177/1362361314536937 PMC4485991 24923894 · DOI
  21. [25]Paul R Shriberg LD McSweeny J Cicchetti D Klin A Volkmar F Brief report: relations between prosodic performance and communication and socialization ratings in high functioning speakers with autism spectrum disorders J Autism Dev Disord 2005 35 861 869 10.1007/s10803-005-0031-8 16283080 · DOI
  22. [26]Peppé S McCann J Gibbon F O’Hare A Rutherford M Receptive and expressive prosodic ability in children with high-functioning autism J Speech Lang Hear Res JSLHR. 2007 50 1015 1028 10.1044/1092-4388(2007/071) 17675602 · DOI
  23. [27]Taylor LJ Maybery MT Grayndler L Whitehouse AJO Evidence for shared deficits in identifying emotions from faces and from voices in autism spectrum disorders and specific language impairment Int J Lang Commun Disord 2015 50 452 466 10.1111/1460-6984.12146 25588870 · DOI
  24. [28]Stewart ME McAdam C Ota M Peppé S Cleland J Emotional recognition in autism spectrum conditions from voices and faces Autism Int J Res Pract 2013 17 6 14 10.1177/1362361311424572 23045218 · DOI
  25. [29]Van Lancker D Cornelius C Kreiman J Recognition of emotional-prosodic meanings in speech by autistic, schizophrenic, and normal children Dev Neuropsychol 1989 5 207 226 10.1080/87565648909540433 · DOI
  26. [30]Hesling I Dilharreguy B Peppé S Amirault M Bouvard M Allard M The integration of prosodic speech in high functioning autism: a preliminary FMRI study PLoS One 2010 5 e11571 10.1371/journal.pone.0011571 20644633 PMC2903486 · DOI · Paper page
  27. [31]Lindner JL Rosén LA Decoding of emotion through facial expression, prosody and verbal content in children and adolescents with Asperger’s syndrome J Autism Dev Disord 2006 36 769 777 10.1007/s10803-006-0105-2 16639533 · DOI
  28. [32]Philip RCM Whalley HC Stanfield AC Sprengelmeyer R Santos IM Young AW Deficits in facial, body movement and vocal emotional processing in autism spectrum disorders Psychol Med 2010 40 1919 1929 10.1017/S0033291709992364 20102666 · DOI
  29. [33]Rutherford MD Baron-Cohen S Wheelwright S Reading the mind in the voice: a study with normal adults and adults with Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism J Autism Dev Disord 2002 32 189 194 10.1023/A:1015497629971 12108620 · DOI · Paper page
  30. [34]Wang AT Lee SS Sigman M Dapretto M Neural basis of irony comprehension in children with autism: the role of prosody and context Brain J Neurol 2006 129 932 943 10.1093/brain/awl032 PMC3713234 16481375 · DOI · Paper page
  31. [35]Baker KF Montgomery AA Abramson R Brief report: perception and lateralization of spoken emotion by youths with high-functioning forms of autism J Autism Dev Disord 2010 40 123 129 10.1007/s10803-009-0841-1 19653088 · DOI
  32. [36]Jones CRG Pickles A Falcaro M Marsden AJS Happé F Scott SK A multimodal approach to emotion recognition ability in autism spectrum disorders J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011 52 275 285 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02328.x 20955187 · DOI
  33. [37]Grossman RB Bemis RH Plesa Skwerer D Tager-Flusberg H Lexical and affective prosody in children with high-functioning autism J Speech Lang Hear Res JSLHR 2010 53 778 793 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0127) 20530388 PMC3538164 · DOI
  34. [38]Heikkinen J Jansson-Verkasalo E Toivanen J Suominen K Väyrynen E Moilanen I Perception of basic emotions from speech prosody in adolescents with Asperger’s syndrome Logoped Phoniatr Vocol 2010 35 113 120 10.3109/14015430903311184 19883170 · DOI
  35. [39]O’Connor K Brief report: impaired identification of discrepancies between expressive faces and voices in adults with Asperger’s syndrome J Autism Dev Disord 2007 37 2008 2013 10.1007/s10803-006-0345-1 17273935 · DOI · Paper page
  36. [40]Korpilahti P Jansson-Verkasalo E Mattila M-L Kuusikko S Suominen K Rytky S Processing of affective speech prosody is impaired in Asperger syndrome J Autism Dev Disord 2007 37 1539 1549 10.1007/s10803-006-0271-2 17086440 · DOI
  37. [41]Fan Y-T Cheng Y Atypical mismatch negativity in response to emotional voices in people with autism spectrum conditions PLoS One 2014 9 e102471 10.1371/journal.pone.0102471 25036143 PMC4103818 · DOI
  38. [42]Lindström R Lepistö-Paisley T Vanhala R Alén R Kujala T Impaired neural discrimination of emotional speech prosody in children with autism spectrum disorder and language impairment Neurosci Lett 2016 628 47 51 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.016 27291458 · DOI
  39. [43]Kujala T Lepistö T Nieminen-von Wendt T Näätänen P Naatanen R Neurophysiological evidence for cortical discrimination impairment of prosody in Asperger syndrome Neurosci Lett 2005 383 260 265 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.04.048 15885908 · DOI
  40. [44]Sams M Paavilainen P Alho K Näätänen R Auditory frequency discrimination and event-related potentials Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985 62 437 448 10.1016/0168-5597(85)90054-1 2415340 · DOI
  41. [45]Charpentier J, Kovarski K, Roux S, Houy-Durand E, Saby A, Bonnet-Brilhault F, et al. Brain mechanisms involved in angry prosody change detection in school-age children and adults, revealed by electrophysiology. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2018. 29736682
  42. [46]Jiang A Yang J Yang Y MMN responses during implicit processing of changes in emotional prosody: an ERP study using Chinese pseudo-syllables Cogn Neurodyn 2014 8 499 508 10.1007/s11571-014-9303-3 26396648 PMC4571648 · DOI
  43. [47]Pakarinen S Sokka L Leinikka M Henelius A Korpela J Huotilainen M Fast determination of MMN and P3a responses to linguistically and emotionally relevant changes in pseudoword stimuli Neurosci Lett 2014 577C 28 33 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.004 24928223 · DOI
  44. [48]Pinheiro AP Barros C Vasconcelos M Obermeier C Kotz SA Is laughter a better vocal change detector than a growl? Cortex J Devoted Study Nerv Syst Behav 2017 92 233 248 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.03.018 28521155 · DOI
  45. [49]Schirmer A Striano T Friederici AD Sex differences in the preattentive processing of vocal emotional expressions Neuroreport 2005 16 635 639 10.1097/00001756-200504250-00024 15812323 · DOI
  46. [50]Schirmer A Escoffier N Cheng X Feng Y Penney TB Detecting temporal change in dynamic sounds: on the role of stimulus duration, speed, and emotion Front Psychol 2016 6 2055 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02055 26793161 PMC4710701 · DOI
  47. [51]Thönnessen H Boers F Dammers J Chen Y-H Norra C Mathiak K Early sensory encoding of affective prosody: neuromagnetic tomography of emotional category changes NeuroImage 2010 50 250 259 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.082 19969096 · DOI
  48. [52]Lord C Rutter M Le Couteur A Autism diagnostic interview-revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders J Autism Dev Disord 1994 24 659 685 10.1007/BF02172145 7814313 · DOI · Paper page
  49. [53]Lord C Risi S Lambrecht L Cook EH Leventhal BL DiLavore PC The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism J Autism Dev Disord 2000 30 205 223 10.1023/A:1005592401947 11055457 · DOI · Paper page
  50. [55]Wechsler D WAIS-IV - Echelle d’intelligence de Wechsler pour adultes - Quatrième Edition - ECPA [Internet] 2011
  51. [56]Jacobsen T Schröger E Is there pre-attentive memory-based comparison of pitch? Psychophysiology 2001 38 723 727 10.1111/1469-8986.3840723 11446587 · DOI
  52. [57]Kimura M ‘ichi KJ Ohira H Schröger E Visual mismatch negativity: new evidence from the equiprobable paradigm Psychophysiology 2009 46 402 409 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00767.x 19207207 · DOI
  53. [58]Aguera P-E Jerbi K Caclin A Bertrand O ELAN: a software package for analysis and visualization of MEG, EEG, and LFP signals Comput Intell Neurosci 2011 2011 158970 10.1155/2011/158970 21687568 PMC3113286 · DOI
  54. [59]Guthrie D Buchwald JS Significance testing of difference potentials Psychophysiology 1991 28 240 244 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb00417.x 1946890 · DOI
  55. [60]Maurer U Bucher K Brem S Brandeis D Development of the automatic mismatch response: from frontal positivity in kindergarten children to the mismatch negativity Clin Neurophysiol 2003 114 808 817 10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00032-4 12738427 · DOI
  56. [61]Paquette N Vannasing P Lefrançois M Lefebvre F Roy M-S McKerral M Neurophysiological correlates of auditory and language development: a mismatch negativity study Dev Neuropsychol 2013 38 386 401 10.1080/87565641.2013.805218 23971491 · DOI
  57. [62]Lindström R Lepistö T Makkonen T Kujala T Processing of prosodic changes in natural speech stimuli in school-age children Int J Psychophysiol Off J Int Organ Psychophysiol 2012 86 229 237 23041297
  58. [63]Cléry H Bonnet-Brilhault F Lenoir P Barthelemy C Bruneau N Gomot M Atypical visual change processing in children with autism: an electrophysiological study Psychophysiology 2013 50 240 252 10.1111/psyp.12006 23316882 · DOI
  59. [64]Näätänen R Paavilainen P Rinne T Alho K The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: a review Clin Neurophysiol Off J Int Fed Clin Neurophysiol 2007 118 2544 2590 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.026 17931964 · DOI · Paper page
  60. [65]Frühholz S Grandjean D Multiple subregions in superior temporal cortex are differentially sensitive to vocal expressions: a quantitative meta-analysis Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013 37 24 35 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.002 23153796 · DOI
  61. [66]Beaucousin V Lacheret A Turbelin M-R Morel M Mazoyer B Tzourio-Mazoyer N FMRI study of emotional speech comprehension Cereb Cortex N Y N 1991. 2007 17 339 352 16525130
  62. [67]Ethofer T Kreifelts B Wiethoff S Wolf J Grodd W Vuilleumier P Differential influences of emotion, task, and novelty on brain regions underlying the processing of speech melody J Cogn Neurosci 2009 21 1255 1268 10.1162/jocn.2009.21099 18752404 · DOI
  63. [68]Frühholz S Ceravolo L Grandjean D Specific brain networks during explicit and implicit decoding of emotional prosody Cereb Cortex N Y N 1991 2012 22 1107 1117 21750247
  64. [69]Liebenthal E Silbersweig DA Stern E The language, tone and prosody of emotions: neural substrates and dynamics of spoken-word emotion perception Front Neurosci 2016 10 506 10.3389/fnins.2016.00506 27877106 PMC5099784 · DOI
  65. [70]Campanella S Gaspard C Debatisse D Bruyer R Crommelinck M Guerit J-M Discrimination of emotional facial expressions in a visual oddball task: an ERP study Biol Psychol 2002 59 171 186 10.1016/S0301-0511(02)00005-4 12009560 · DOI
  66. [71]Globerson E Amir N Kishon-Rabin L Golan O Prosody recognition in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: from psychoacoustics to cognition Autism Res 2015 8 153 163 10.1002/aur.1432 25428545 · DOI
  67. [72]Shriberg LD Paul R McSweeny JL Klin AM Cohen DJ Volkmar FR Speech and prosody characteristics of adolescents and adults with high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome J Speech Lang Hear Res JSLHR. 2001 44 1097 1115 10.1044/1092-4388(2001/087) 11708530 · DOI
  68. [74]Fridenson-Hayo S, Berggren S, Lassalle A, Tal S, Pigat D, Meir-Goren N, et al. “Emotiplay”: a serious game for learning about emotions in children with autism: results of a cross-cultural evaluation. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017. 28275895
  69. [75]Carré A Chevallier C Robel L Barry C Maria A-S Pouga L Tracking social motivation systems deficits: the affective neuroscience view of autism J Autism Dev Disord 2015 45 3351 3363 10.1007/s10803-015-2498-2 26123007 · DOI
  70. [76]Hull L, Petrides KV, Allison C, Smith P, Baron-Cohen S, Lai M-C, et al. “Putting on My Best Normal”: social camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum conditions. J Autism Dev Disord. 2017. PMC5509825 28527095

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Charpentier, J., Kovarski, K., Houy-Durand, E., Malvy, J., Saby, A., Bonnet-Brilhault, F., Latinus, M., & Gomot, M.
Affiliations
  • Université de Tours (FR)
  • Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours (FR)
Corresponding author
Gomot, M.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2018-09-18
Volume
10
Issue
1
Pages
28-28
ISSN
  • 1866-1947 (ISSN-L)
  • 1866-1955
DOI
10.1186/s11689-018-9246-9
PMC
PMC6145332
OpenAlex
W2891125374
Cited by
39
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5
FWCI
2.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-12-JSH2-0001-01-AUTATTEN)
  • INSERM- Région Centre
  • John Bost Foundation
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, emotional prosody, change detection, mismatch negativity, P3a, auditory deviance, socio-emotional processing, auditory sensory processing, hemispheric lateralization, age differences, children and adults
MeSH terms
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Brain, Child, Electroencephalography, Emotions, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Speech Perception, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review