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The prevalence of and major risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy in Gegharkunik province of Armenia: cross-sectional study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness in adults in industrialized countries and the emerging cause of blindness in developing countries. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of DR and risk factors associated with it among diabetic patients. METHODS: The analytical cross-sectional survey and eye screenings were carried out among 625 diabetic patients from urban and rural areas of Gegharkunik region. DR was assessed by dilated ophthalmoscopy and defined based on the WHO International Classification of Diseases. The survey instrument, included questions about demographics, disease history, health status, medication use and healthy lifestyle. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The prevalence of DR in the sample was 36.2%. A total of 90.2% of patients with DR had non-proliferative, while 9.8% had proliferative DR. In bivariate analysis, age, diabetes duration, being under insulin treatment, blood glucose level, having non-communicable diseases were significantly associated with DR. In the adjusted analysis being under insulin treatment (OR = 3.24; 95% CI: 1.56-6.75), diabetes duration (OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.16-1.31) and age (OR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02-1.08) were independently associated with DR. CONCLUSION: Earlier diagnosis of diabetes and DR can help to control some of these factors and prevent further complications and vision loss. Population-based educational programs on diabetes and diabetic retinopathy and continuous medical education on diabetes management can improve diabetes care and self-management and prevent eye complications.
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“Sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) is most commonly defined as severe non-proliferative DR (NPDR), proliferative DR (PDR), or clinically significant macular edema (CSME) [8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 21, 33]”
From Diabetic retinopathy screening model in low and middle-income countries: a scoping review (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
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Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy
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The Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Diabetic Retinopathy in the Australian Population
Tapp, R. J., Shaw, J. E., Harper, C. A., de Courten, M. P., Balkau, B., McCarty, D. J., Taylor, H. R., Welborn, T. A., Zimmet, P. Z., & on behalf of the AusDiab Study Group (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.6.1731 · Cited by 439
Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes in developing and developed countries
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Cited by
Diabetic retinopathy screening model in low and middle-income countries: a scoping review
Lestari, Y. D., Sitompul, R., Widyahening, I. S., Tahapary, D. L., Yusuf, P. A., Sasongko, M. B., Riono, P., Nursakina, Y., & Alexandra, G. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25543-6 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Giloyan, A., Harutyunyan, T., & Petrosyan, V.
- Affiliations
- American University of Armenia (AM)
- Corresponding author
- Giloyan, Aida
- Harutyunyan, Tsovinar
- Petrosyan, Varduhi
- Venue
- BMC Ophthalmology
- Published
- 2015-04-30
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 46-46
- ISSN
- 1471-2415 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4440508
- OpenAlex
- W2054236165
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 2.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Ophthalmology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies
- Keywords
- diabetic retinopathy, prevalence, risk factors, insulin therapy, diabetes duration, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, blood glucose, diabetes complications, blindness prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Armenia, Blindness, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetic Retinopathy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Ophthalmoscopy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Prevalence, Risk Assessment, Young Adult
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The prevalence of and major risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy in Gegharkunik province of Armenia: cross-sectional study. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1186/s12886-015-0032-0
- The paper
- Giloyan, A., Harutyunyan, T., & Petrosyan, V. (2015). The prevalence of and major risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy in Gegharkunik province of Armenia: cross-sectional study. BMC Ophthalmology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-015-0032-0
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
