A cross-sectional study of psychological distress, burnout, and the associated risk factors in hospital pharmacists in Japan
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BACKGROUND: Opportunities for face-to-face communication with patients is increasing in modern hospital pharmacist practice. This may impose new burdens on hospital pharmacists. We performed a cross-sectional study to examine the prevalence of psychological distress, burnout, and compassion fatigue among hospital pharmacists. We also investigated possible relevant factors, such as sex, years of experience, hospital size, interpersonal work hours, and personality traits related to communication. METHODS: We mailed self-administered questionnaires to all pharmacists (n = 823) belonging to the prefectural society of hospital pharmacists in Japan. The questionnaires were the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Burnout (BO) and Compassion Fatigue and Secondary Traumatic Stress (CF/STS) subscales of the Professional Quality of Life Scale, the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), and the Adult ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) Self-Report Scale (ASRS). We examined associations between personality traits (AQ, ASRS) and psychological burden (GHQ-12, BO, CF/STS) using rank ANCOVA or multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Complete responses were obtained from 380 pharmacists (46.2 % response rate). A substantial number of participants obtained scores that were higher than the cutoff points of the GHQ-12 (54.7 %), BO (49.2 %), and CF/STS (29.2 %). The GHQ-12 scores were negatively affected by years of experience (p < 0.001), and positively affected by AQ (p < 0.001) and ASRS (p < 0.001) scores. The BO scores was positively affected by AQ (p < 0.001) and ASRS (p = 0.001) scores, while the CF/STS (p = 0.023) score was negatively affected by years of experience, and positively affected by AQ (p < 0.001) and ASRS (p < 0.001) scores. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of psychological distress and work-related burnout/CF among hospital pharmacists. Additionally, two common personality traits, such as autistic-like traits and ADHD-like symptoms, which might be related to communication style, could increase the risk of psychological distress and burnout/CF. Early risk assessment and preventive interventions that are specialized for these characteristics could protect individuals with these specific traits from burnout.
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ALT has been reported to be associated with burnout and depression among hospital pharmacists.
“ALT has been reported to be associated with burnout and depression among hospital pharmacists [29, 30].”
From The mediating role of psychological flexibility in the association of autistic-like traits with burnout and depression in medical students during clinical clerkships in Japan: a university-based cross-sectional study (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
The Discussion reports that autistic-like traits (ALT) were significantly associated with burnout and psychological distress among hospital pharmacists. The Results link ALT scores to psychiatric morbidity measured by the GHQ-12, but do not establish a separate association with depression specifically. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Mulherin, K., Brandt, J., Hu, A., & Ravinatarajan, P. (2023) · Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100359 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The extent of the burnout syndrome among pharmacists: partial study
Saligerová, M., & Kolář, J. (2017) · Česká a slovenská farmacie · doi:10.36290/csf.2017.017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
16- Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Burnout among Community Pharmacists in Bharatpur, Nepal
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Chishaki, A. S., Sawatari, H., Nishikitani, M., Izukura, R., Kido, M. A., Moriya, F., Kawanami, S., Yasumoto, S., Taketomi, K., Fujino, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of UOEH · doi:10.7888/juoeh.47.27 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Higuchi, Y., Inagaki, M., Koyama, T., Kitamura, Y., Sendo, T., Fujimori, M., Uchitomi, Y., & Yamada, N.
- Affiliations
- Okayama University (JP)
- Okayama University Hospital (JP)
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (JP)
- National Cancer Centre Japan (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Inagaki, Masatoshi
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2016-07-08
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 534-534
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4939052
- OpenAlex
- W2466879593
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12
- FWCI
- 13.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- the Research for Promotion of Cancer Control Programmes (H26-Gan Seisaku-general-002 and H25-Seishin-general-001)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Keywords
- psychological distress, burnout, compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress, Autism Spectrum Quotient, ADHD symptoms, personality traits, patient communication, occupational stress, risk factors, years of experience
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Burnout, Professional, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Japan, Male, Middle Aged, Personnel, Hospital, Pharmacists, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Workplace, Young Adult
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