Autism Spectrum Disorders and Autisticlike Traits: Similar Etiology in the Extreme End and the Normal Variation
Abstract
CONTEXT: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have been suggested to represent the extreme end of a normal distribution of autistic like traits (ALTs). However, the evidence of this notion is inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To study whether there are similar genetic and/or environmental etiologies behind ASDs and ALTs. DESIGN: A nationwide twin study. PARTICIPANTS: Consenting parents of all Swedish twins aged 9 and 12 years, born between July 1, 1992, and December 31, 2001 (n = 19 208), were interviewed by telephone to screen for child psychiatric conditions, including ASDs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Two validated cutoffs for ASDs, 2 cutoffs encompassing the normal variation, and 1 continuous measure of ALTs were used with DeFries-Fulker extreme-end analyses and standard twin study methods. RESULTS: We discerned a strong correlation between the 4 cutoffs and the full variation of ALTs. The correlation was primarily affected by genes. We also found that the heritability for the 4 cutoffs was similar. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate an etiological similarity between ASDs and ALTs in the normal variation and, with results from previous studies, our data suggest that ASDs and ALTs are etiologically linked.
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Underlying autistic traits are genetic susceptibilities that are common across the general population and at the extreme ends, and for clinically defined ASD.
“Underlying autistic traits are genetic susceptibilities that are common across the general population and at the extreme ends [24], and for clinically defined ASD [25].”
From Subgrouping the Autism Spectrum: Reflections on DSM-5 (2013) · cites this paper as [25]
ASDs have been reported to represent the extreme end of a normal distribution of autistic-like traits, suggesting that these disorders, and autistic-like traits, are etiologically linked.
“ASDs have been reported to represent the extreme end of a normal distribution of autistic-like traits, suggesting that these disorders, and autistic-like traits, are etiologically linked”
From An oxytocin-induced facilitation of neural and emotional responses to social touch correlates inversely with autism traits (2014) · cites this paper as Lundstrom et al, 2012
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- Authors
- Lundström, S.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Lundström, Sebastian
- ORCID
- Lundström, Sebastian
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2012-01-01
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 46
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2124459812
- Semantic Scholar
- 57fba275a8e9e3fe6872c71231fa2b5a3b46ec43
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 13.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, autistic traits, heritability, genetic etiology, environmental etiology, twin studies, normal variation
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Diseases in Twins, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Sweden, Twins, Cohort Studies
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