Active and latent tuberculosis in refugees and asylum seekers: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Abstract
Background: In 2018, there were 70.8 million refugees, asylum seekers and persons displaced by wars and conflicts worldwide. Many of these individuals face a high risk for tuberculosis in their country of origin, which may be accentuated by adverse conditions endured during their journey. We summarised the prevalence of active and latent tuberculosis infection in refugees and asylum seekers through a systematic literature review and meta-analyses by country of origin and host continent. Methods: Articles published in Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science and LILACS from January 2000 to August 2017 were searched for, without language restriction. Two independent authors performed the study selection, data extraction and quality assessment. Random effect models were used to estimate average measures of active and latent tuberculosis prevalence. Sub-group meta-analyses were performed according to country of origin and host continent. Results: Sixty-seven out of 767 identified articles were included, of which 16 entered the meta-analyses. Average prevalence of active and latent tuberculosis was 1331 per 100 thousand inhabitants [95% confidence interval (CI) = 542–2384] and 37% (95% CI = 23–52%), respectively, both with high level of heterogeneity (variation in estimative attributable to heterogeneity [I 2 ] = 98.2 and 99.8%). Prevalence varied more according to countries of origin than host continent. Ninety-one per cent of studies reported routine screening of recently arrived immigrants in the host country; two-thirds confirmed tuberculosis bacteriologically. Many studies failed to provide relevant information. Conclusion: Tuberculosis is a major health problem among refugees and asylum seekers and should be given special attention in any host continent. To protect this vulnerable population, ensuring access to healthcare for early detection for prevention and treatment of the disease is essential.
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3 of the 104 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Burden of tuberculosis among vulnerable populations worldwide: an overview of systematic reviews
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Spatio-temporal epidemiology of the tuberculosis incidence rate in Iran 2008 to 2018
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Access to Healthcare Among US Adult Refugees: A Systematic Qualitative Review
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Chapter 13: Tuberculosis surveillance and tuberculosis infection testing and treatment in migrants
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The unmet surgical needs of global refugee populations: A perspective review
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Analysis of the impact of crises tuberculosis incidence in Ukraine amid pandemics and war
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The Strange Case of BCG and COVID-19: The Verdict Is Still up in the Air
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Optimising tuberculosis care for refugees affected by armed conflicts
Castro, K. G., Diţiu, L., Sahu, S., Ntoumi, F., Tiberi, S., O’Kane, C. M., Akkerman, O. W., Manika, Κ., Mwaba, P., Forsman, L. D., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00104-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pescarini, J. M., Góes, E. F., Pinto, P. F. P. S., dos Santos, B. P. S., Machado, D. B., Abubakar, I. I., Rodrigues, L. C., Brickley, E. B., Smeeth, L. L., & Barreto, M. L. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2023.100455 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Climate change and tuberculosis: an analytical framework
Saunders, M. J., Boccia, D., Khan, P. Y., Goscé, L., Gasparrini, A., Clark, R. A., Pescarini, J. M., Charalambous, S., Fekadu, L., Johansen, F. D. C., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(25)00329-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Legesse, T., Elduma, M. H., Awad, N. M., Elhag, M. S., Abushama, I., Mustafa, H., Hahim, K., Mahmoed, H., Mohamed, Y., Dafalla, A. E., et al. (2021) · Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.18502/sjms.v16i2.9293 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rastegar, M., Fakoor, V., Nazar, E., Nasehi, M., Sharafi, S., & Shakeri, M. T. (2024) · Journal of Research in Health Sciences · doi:10.34172/jrhs.2024.168 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Climate change and tuberculosis: an analytical frameworkPreprint
Saunders, M. J., Boccia, D., Khan, P. Y., Goscé, L., Gasparrini, A., Clark, R. A., Pescarini, J. M., White, R. G., Houben, R. M. G. J., Matteo Zignol, E., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.02.18.25322451 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Preventing pellagra during isoniazid preventive treatment
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The Role of Nurse Practitioners in Helping Refugees and Asylees Thrive in a New Country
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Chronic cough in preschool aged children
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Asylum seekers and the role of the acute care physician
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Construction Technologies and Materials for Sustainable Affordable Housing
Bellini, O. E., Campioli, A., Chiaroni, D., Talamo, C. M. L., Atta, N., & Valle, A. D. (2022) · Research for development · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-00284-7_7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Discrepancies in tuberculosis burden estimates: North Korean defectors vs. official reports
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Menon, S., Harries, A. D., Dlodlo, R. A., Badoum, G., Dogo, M. F., Mbitikon, O. B., Sinha, P., Lin, Y., Jaju, J., Soe, A. N., et al. (2026) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed11020058 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mental Health of Adult Refugees
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- Authors
- Proença, R., Mattos Souza, F., Lisboa Bastos, M., Caetano, R., Braga, J. U., Faerstein, E., & Trajman, A.
- Affiliations
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (BR)
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Trajman, Anete
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2020-06-03
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 838-838
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7268459
- OpenAlex
- W3032859492
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 0.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Finance Code 001)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › General Social Sciences › HIV, TB, and STIs Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis
- Keywords
- tuberculosis, active tuberculosis, latent tuberculosis infection, refugees, asylum seekers, displaced persons, tuberculosis prevalence, tuberculosis screening, country of origin, immigrant health
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Refugees, Tuberculosis, Prevalence, Latent Tuberculosis
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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