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The impact of telehealth remote patient monitoring on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: There is a growing body of evidence to support the use of telehealth in monitoring HbA1c levels in people living with type 2 diabetes. However, the overall magnitude of effect is yet unclear due to variable results reported in existing systematic reviews. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials to create an evidence-base for the effectiveness of telehealth interventions on glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Electronic databases including The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, HMIC, and PsychINFO were searched to identify relevant systematic reviews published between 1990 and April 2016, supplemented by references search from the relevant reviews. Two independent reviewers selected and reviewed the eligible studies. Of the 3279 references retrieved, 4 systematic reviews reporting in total 29 unique studies relevant to our review were included. Both conventional pairwise meta-analyses and network meta-analyses were performed. RESULTS: Evidence from pooling four systematic reviews found that telehealth interventions produced a small but significant improvement in HbA1c levels compared with usual care (MD: -0.55, 95% CI: -0.73 to - 0.36). The greatest effect was seen in telephone-delivered interventions, followed by Internet blood glucose monitoring system interventions and lastly interventions involving automatic transmission of SMBG using a mobile phone or a telehealth unit. CONCLUSION: Current evidence suggests that telehealth is effective in controlling HbA1c levels in people living with type 2 diabetes. However there is need for better quality primary studies as well as systematic reviews of RCTs in order to confidently conclude on the impact of telehealth on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.
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“This is consistent with previous research on telehealth remote monitoring using Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) transmission devices [52, 53].”
From Effect of virtual care in type 2 diabetes management – a systematic umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, P. A., Greenfield, G., & Pappas, Y.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Bedfordshire (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Puikwan A.
- Venue
- BMC Health Services Research
- Published
- 2018-06-26
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 495-495
- ISSN
- 1472-6963 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6019730
- OpenAlex
- W2810382483
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 2.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Health Services Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Bedfordshire Repository (University of Bedfordshire) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Department of Health and Social Care
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Keywords
- telemedicine, remote patient monitoring, type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, HbA1c, telephone-delivered intervention, self-monitoring of blood glucose
- MeSH terms
- Systematic Reviews as Topic, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Telemedicine, Evidence-Based Medicine, Internet, Qualitative Research, Cell Phone
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