Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations
Open accessAbstract
Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer reviewed journals as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.
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The study's comprehensive modelling approach follows best practice guidance.
“Another strength of this study is our comprehensive modelling approach following the best practice guidance [31].”
From Economic evaluation of wearable fitness trackers versus metformin for preventing type 2 diabetes in the UK population (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
The CHEERS 2022 statement (Background, ‘The CHEERS 2022 statement’; page unavailable) says its guidance applies to studies based on mathematical modelling. It also distinguishes reporting quality from the quality of a study’s conduct. It therefore supports citing guidance relevant to reporting a modelling study, but not the claim that this study’s modelling approach followed best practice in its conduct. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Markov model was implemented in Microsoft Excel, following best practices for health economic modelling from conceptualisation to validation.
“The Markov model was implemented in Microsoft Excel, following best practices for health economic modelling from conceptualisation to validation [31] (See supplementary materials for CHEERS checklist).”
From Economic evaluation of wearable fitness trackers versus metformin for preventing type 2 diabetes in the UK population (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
The CHEERS 2022 statement (Background, ‘The CHEERS 2022 statement’; page unavailable) provides a reporting checklist applicable to modelling studies, supporting the reference to a CHEERS checklist. It explicitly limits the checklist to assessing reporting rather than the quality of a study’s conduct. It therefore does not establish that implementing this Markov model in Excel followed best practices from conceptualisation through validation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Cost-Effectiveness of ApoB, Non–HDL-C, and LDL-C Goals for Primary Prevention Lipid-Lowering Therapy
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Cost-Effectiveness of Screening to Identify Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review
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Caregiver-Reported Economic Impacts of Pediatric Rare Diseases—A Scoping Review
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Use of Large Language Models to Extract Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Data: A Case Study
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A Practical Guide to Full Value of Vaccine Assessments
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- Authors
- Husereau, D., Drummond, M., Augustovski, F., de Bekker-Grob, E., Briggs, A. H., Carswell, C., Caulley, L., Chaiyakunapruk, N., Greenberg, D., Loder, E., Mauskopf, J., Mullins, C. D., Petrou, S., Pwu, R.-F., Staniszewska, S., & on behalf of CHEERS 2022 ISPOR Good Research Practices Task Force
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- University of York (GB)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Springer Nature (New Zealand) (NZ)
- University of Utah (US)
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- Harvard University (US)
- RTI International (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Ministry of Health and Welfare (TW)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Husereau, Don
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMC Medicine
- Published
- 2022-01-12
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-23
- ISSN
- 1741-7015 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8753858
- OpenAlex
- W4206071468
- Cited by
- 450
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 125 · 2025: 160 · 2024: 91 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 9
- FWCI
- 65.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- uO Research (University of Ottawa) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0616-10103, NIHR202402)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Keywords
- CHEERS 2022, health economic evaluation, reporting guidelines, reporting checklist, stakeholder engagement, patient and public involvement, health technology assessment, transparency in decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Cost-Benefit Analysis, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Peer Review, Checklist, Research Report
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