Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS)—Explanation and Elaboration: A Report of the ISPOR Health Economic Evaluation Publication Guidelines Good Reporting Practices Task Force
Open accessAbstract
Background Economic evaluations of health interventions pose a particular challenge for reporting because substantial information must be conveyed to allow scrutiny of study findings. Despite a growth in published reports, existing reporting guidelines are not widely adopted. There is also a need to consolidate and update existing guidelines and promote their use in a user-friendly manner. A checklist is one way to help authors, editors, and peer reviewers use guidelines to improve reporting.Objective The task force's overall goal was to provide recommendations to optimize the reporting of health economic evaluations. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement is an attempt to consolidate and update previous health economic evaluation guidelines into one current, useful reporting guidance. The CHEERS Elaboration and Explanation Report of the ISPOR Health Economic Evaluation Publication Guidelines Good Reporting Practices Task Force facilitates the use of the CHEERS statement by providing examples and explanations for each recommendation. The primary audiences for the CHEERS statement are researchers reporting economic evaluations and the editors and peer reviewers assessing them for publication.Methods The need for new reporting guidance was identified by a survey of medical editors. Previously published checklists or guidance documents related to reporting economic evaluations were identified from a systematic review and subsequent survey of task force members. A list of possible items from these efforts was created. A two-round, modified Delphi Panel with representatives from academia, clinical practice, industry, and government, as well as the editorial community, was used to identify a minimum set of items important for reporting from the larger list.Results Out of 44 candidate items, 24 items and accompanying recommendations were developed, with some specific recommendations for single study-based and model-based economic evaluations. The final recommendations are subdivided into six main categories: 1) title and abstract, 2) introduction, 3) methods, 4) results, 5) discussion, and 6) other. The recommendations are contained in the CHEERS statement, a user-friendly 24-item checklist. The task force report provides explanation and elaboration, as well as an example for each recommendation. The ISPOR CHEERS statement is available online via Value in Health or the ISPOR Health Economic Evaluation Publication Guidelines Good Reporting Practices - CHEERS Task Force webpage (http://www.ispor.org/TaskForces/EconomicPubGuidelines.asp).Conclusions We hope that the ISPOR CHEERS statement and the accompanying task force report guidance will lead to more consistent and transparent reporting, and ultimately, better health decisions. To facilitate wider dissemination and uptake of this guidance, we are copublishing the CHEERS statement across 10 health economics and medical journals. We encourage other journals and groups to consider endorsing the CHEERS statement. The author team plans to review the checklist for an update in 5 years.
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Cost-effectiveness analyses will be conducted in agreement with the CHEERS statement.
“Cost-effectiveness analyses will be conducted in agreement with the CHEERS statement [106]”
From An Internet-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy intervention for older adults with anxiety complaints: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. (2018) · cites this paper as [106]
The Aim and Scope section says CHEERS provides a checklist for reporting economic evaluations, not instructions for conducting them. It explicitly states that CHEERS is not intended to prescribe how economic evaluations should be conducted. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe economic evaluation will be performed from a societal perspective, and all analyses will be conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle, adhering to the related guidelines.
“The economic evaluation will be performed from a societal perspective, and all analyses will be conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle, in which we adhere to the related guidelines [67–69].”
From The (cost-)effectiveness of early intervention (MBT-early) versus standard protocolized treatment (CBT) for emerging borderline personality disorder in adolescents (the EARLY study): a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [68]
The CHEERS checklist (item 6; page not indicated) calls for reporting the study perspective, and the study-perspective explanation discusses societal costs. Its discussion of clinical data says to report whether intention-to-treat analysis was used; it does not prescribe intention-to-treat for all analyses or require a societal perspective. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement
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“DrMoher served as scientific advisor andreviewedthe initial proposalandattended initialmeetings;allmembersof the PPIE (Ivett Jakab, Emma Kinloch, Eric Low, Jean Mossman, Declan Noone, Phil Posner, and Jo Watson) critically reviewed the initial checklist and suggested and provided review and advice on subsequent drafts…”
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- Authors
- Husereau, D., Drummond, M., Petrou, S., Carswell, C., Moher, D., Greenberg, D., Augustovski, F., Briggs, A. H., Mauskopf, J., & Loder, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- University of York (GB)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (CA)
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (AR)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- RTI Health Solutions (US)
- Brigham and Women's Faulkner Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Husereau, Don
- ORCID
- Venue
- Value in Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 231-250
- ISSN
- 1098-3015 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2143025931
- Cited by
- 1,998
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 302 · 2021: 296 · 2020: 243 · 2019: 186 · 2018: 181 · 2017: 156 · 2016: 123 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 27
- FWCI
- 233.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Value in Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Kela
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Keywords
- CHEERS, reporting guidelines, health economic evaluation, reporting quality, reporting checklist, transparency, model-based economic evaluation, peer review, medical editors, Delphi consensus, publication guidelines, health decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Authorship, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Delivery of Health Care, Delphi Technique, Economics, Medical, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Humans, Guidelines as Topic, Peer Review, Research, Journalism, Medical, Advisory Committees, Biomedical Research, Resource Allocation, Checklist
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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