Eave tubes for malaria control in Africa: prototyping and evaluation against Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis under semi-field conditions in western Kenya
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Whilst significant progress has been made in the fight against malaria, vector control continues to rely on just two insecticidal methods, i.e., indoor residual spraying and insecticidal bed nets. House improvement shows great potential to complement these methods and may further reduce indoor mosquito biting and disease transmission. Open eaves serve as important mosquito house entry points and provide a suitable location for intercepting host-seeking anophelines. This study describes semi-field experiments in western Kenya with eave tubes, a household protection product that leverages the natural behaviour of host-seeking malaria mosquitoes. METHODS: Semi-field experiments were conducted in two screen-houses. In both of these a typical western Kenyan house, with mud walls and corrugated iron sheet roofing, was built. Eave tubes with bendiocarb- or deltamethrin-treated eave tube inserts were installed in the houses, and the impact on house entry of local strains of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis was determined. Experiments with open eave tubes (no netting) were conducted as a control and to determine house entry through eave tubes. Insecticidal activity of the inserts treated with insecticide was examined using standard 3-min exposure bioassays. RESULTS: Experiments with open eave tubes showed that a high percentage of released mosquitoes entered the house through tubes during experimental nights. When tubes were fitted with bendiocarb- or deltamethrin-treated inserts, on average 21% [95% CI 18-25%] and 39% [CI 26-51%] of An. gambiae s.s. were recaptured the following morning, respectively. This contrasts with 71% [CI 60-81%] in the treatment with open eaves and 54% [CI 47-61%] in the treatment where inserts were treated with fluorescent dye powder. For An. arabiensis recapture was 21% [CI 14-27%] and 22% [CI 18-25%], respectively, compared to 46% [CI 40-52%] and 25% [CI 15-35%] in the treatments with open tubes and fluorescent dye. CONCLUSIONS: Insecticide-treated eave tubes resulted in significant reductions in recapture rates for both malaria vector species, representing the first and promising results with this novel control tool against Kenyan malaria vectors. Further field evaluation of eave tubes under more realistic field conditions, as well as their comparison with existing approaches in terms of cost-effectiveness and community acceptance, is called for.
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The dose transferred from eave tube inserts is sufficiently high that lethal doses of insecticide can be delivered during transient contact, even when the mosquitoes are classified as resistant to the active ingredient.
“The dose transferred is sufficiently high that lethal doses of insecticide can be delivered during transient contact, even when the mosquitoes are classified as ‘resistant’ to the active ingredient [4, 5].”
From Semi-field studies to better understand the impact of eave tubes on mosquito mortality and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
The Methods (Exposure bioassays; page unavailable) describe three-minute contact with insecticide-treated inserts, and the Results (Exposure bioassays; page unavailable) report high mortality after that exposure for several treatments. The paper does not classify the tested mosquitoes as resistant to those insecticides, so it does not establish the claim's resistance qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEave tubes combined with screening of doors and windows increase overnight mortality rate.
“When combined with screening of doors and windows, preliminary evidence suggests that eave tubes reduce entry of mosquitoes and increase overnight mortality rate, leading to reduced transmission risk at both household and community levels [4–7].”
From Semi-field studies to better understand the impact of eave tubes on mosquito mortality and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
The Results (Insecticide treatments; page unavailable) report fewer mosquitoes recaptured the morning after exposure to insecticide-treated eave tubes and describe a significant impact on mosquito mortality. The Discussion says the experimental windows were screened, but the doors were kept closed rather than screened. Overnight mortality for the claimed combination of eave tubes and door-and-window screening was not directly measured. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMosquitoes entering tubes are blocked by inserts and upon contact insecticidal particles are transferred onto the mosquito body, delivering sufficiently high dose to potentially overcome insecticide resistance.
“Mosquitoes entering the tubes are blocked by the inserts and upon contact insecticidal particles are transferred onto the mosquito body, delivering sufficiently high dose to potentially overcome insecticide resistance [14, 16, 19, 26].”
From Semi-field evaluation of the cumulative effects of a "Lethal House Lure" on malaria mosquito mortality (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
The Background (page not provided) describes an insecticide-treated netting barrier inside the tube, and Methods > Exposure bioassays (page not provided) describes measuring fluorescent particles on exposed mosquito bodies. The paper does not establish that the transferred insecticide dose is high enough to overcome resistance; its Discussion instead discusses managing resistance through alternative or multiple insecticides. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInsecticide-treated tubes combined with screening of doors and windows reduce entry of mosquitoes.
“preliminary evidence suggests insecticide-treated tubes, combined with screening of doors and windows to make the house more ‘mosquito proof’, reduces entry of mosquitoes and increases overnight mortality rate, leading to reduced transmission risk at both household and community levels [14–17].”
From Semi-field evaluation of the cumulative effects of a "Lethal House Lure" on malaria mosquito mortality (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
The Discussion reports that treated eave tubes and screened windows effectively blocked mosquito entry. However, the experimental doors were kept closed rather than screened, so the study does not directly establish the effect of the stated combination with door screening. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAbout 50% of mosquitoes that enter insecticide-treated tubes might die overnight.
“Both studies suggested that about 50% of mosquitoes that enter insecticide-treated tubes (in these cases, a wettable powder formulation of 10% beta-cyfluthrin) might die overnight, which is broadly in line with similar studies conducted in Kenya and Tanzania [15, 16].”
From Semi-field evaluation of the cumulative effects of a "Lethal House Lure" on malaria mosquito mortality (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
The Results (Insecticide treatments; page unavailable) report that 21% of released An. gambiae were recaptured after a night with deltamethrin-treated inserts, versus 71% with open tubes—a 50-percentage-point difference consistent with an insecticidal effect. The study does not establish that 50% of mosquitoes entering treated tubes died overnight: its denominator is mosquitoes released, and its overnight measure is recapture, not confirmed death. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Insecticide-treated tubes combined with screening of doors and windows increase overnight mortality rate.
“preliminary evidence suggests insecticide-treated tubes, combined with screening of doors and windows to make the house more ‘mosquito proof’, reduces entry of mosquitoes and increases overnight mortality rate, leading to reduced transmission risk at both household and community levels [14–17].”
From Semi-field evaluation of the cumulative effects of a "Lethal House Lure" on malaria mosquito mortality (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
The Results (Insecticide treatments; page unavailable) report an impact on mosquito mortality and fewer mosquitoes recaptured the morning after nights with insecticide-treated eave tubes. The Discussion says windows were screened, but the experimental doors were kept closed, not screened. The paper therefore supports the mortality finding for the tested arrangement, not specifically for tubes combined with screening of both doors and windows. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEave tubes combined with screening of doors and windows lead to reduced transmission risk at both household and community levels.
“When combined with screening of doors and windows, preliminary evidence suggests that eave tubes reduce entry of mosquitoes and increase overnight mortality rate, leading to reduced transmission risk at both household and community levels [4–7].”
From Semi-field studies to better understand the impact of eave tubes on mosquito mortality and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
Eave tubes combined with screening of doors and windows reduce entry of mosquitoes.
“When combined with screening of doors and windows, preliminary evidence suggests that eave tubes reduce entry of mosquitoes and increase overnight mortality rate, leading to reduced transmission risk at both household and community levels [4–7].”
From Semi-field studies to better understand the impact of eave tubes on mosquito mortality and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
The eave tube inserts block the entry of mosquitoes while contact with the netting leads to transfer of insecticidal particles onto the mosquito body.
“The inserts block the entry of mosquitoes while contact with the netting leads to transfer of insecticidal particles onto the mosquito body [4, 5].”
From Semi-field studies to better understand the impact of eave tubes on mosquito mortality and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
Such reductions lead to reduced transmission risk at household and community levels.
“preliminary evidence suggests insecticide-treated tubes, combined with screening of doors and windows to make the house more ‘mosquito proof’, reduces entry of mosquitoes and increases overnight mortality rate, leading to reduced transmission risk at both household and community levels [14–17].”
From Semi-field evaluation of the cumulative effects of a "Lethal House Lure" on malaria mosquito mortality (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
The study was powered to detect a 50% reduction in mosquito density, requiring seven houses per cluster for human landing catch captures.
“For the entomological sampling, we powered the study to detect a 50% reduction in mosquito density, consistent with semi-field testing of Eave Tubes19, 20 and other randomised controlled trials evaluating the entomological effect of house modifications.12, 29 On the basis of baseline data, this sample size calculation required seven houses per cluster for the human landing catch captures.”
From Impact and cost-effectiveness of a lethal house lure against malaria transmission in central Côte d'Ivoire: a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
Semi-field studies in Tanzania, Kenya, and Côte d'Ivoire have shown attraction of mosquitoes to Eave Tubes and reduced overnight survival.
“Semi-field studies in Tanzania,19 Kenya,20 and Côte d'Ivoire21, 22 have shown attraction of mosquitoes to the tubes and reduced overnight survival.”
From Impact and cost-effectiveness of a lethal house lure against malaria transmission in central Côte d'Ivoire: a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
Numerous laboratory, semi-field, and modelling studies have been suggestive of the potential of SET.
“Numerous laboratory, semi-field, and modelling studies have been suggestive of the potential of SET,20, 21, 24, 27”
From Impact and cost-effectiveness of a lethal house lure against malaria transmission in central Côte d'Ivoire: a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
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Effect of CYP3A5 *3 Genotypes on Lumefantrine Plasma Concentrations Among Malaria-HIV-Infected Women
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- Authors
- Snetselaar, J., Njiru, B. N., Gachie, B., Owigo, P., Andriessen, R., Glunt, K., Osinga, A. J., Mutunga, J., Farenhorst, M., & Knols, B. G. J.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (KE)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Farenhorst, Marit
- Venue
- Malaria Journal
- Published
- 2017-07-04
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 276-276
- ISSN
- 1475-2875 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5545004
- OpenAlex
- W2733178717
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 3.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Malaria Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission (FP7-HEALTH-2012-INNOVATION-1, 306105)
- FP7 Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Insect Pest Control Strategies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
- Keywords
- malaria vector control, Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles arabiensis, bendiocarb, deltamethrin, home improvement, semi-field trials, screen house, recapture rates, Western Kenya, Kenya, insecticide efficacy, host-seeking mosquitoes, indoor residual spraying
- MeSH terms
- Mosquito Vectors, Animals, Anopheles, Female, Housing, Humans, Insect Bites and Stings, Insecticides, Kenya, Malaria, Mosquito Control, Nitriles, Pyrethrins, Phenylcarbamates
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