Screening and field performance of powder-formulated insecticides on eave tube inserts against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae s.l.: an investigation into ‘actives’ prior to a randomized controlled trial in Côte d'Ivoire
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The widespread emergence of insecticide resistance in African malaria vectors remains one of the main challenges facing control programmes. Electrostatic coating that uses polarity to bind insecticide particles is a new way of delivering insecticides to mosquitoes. Although previous tests demonstrated the resistance breaking potential of this application method, studies screening and investigating the residual efficacy of a broader range of insecticides are necessary. METHODS: Eleven insecticide powder formulations belonging to six insecticide classes (pyrethroid, carbamate, organophosphate, neonicotinoid, entomopathogenic fungus and boric acid) were initially screened for residual activity over 4 weeks against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) from the M'bé valley, central Côte d'Ivoire. Tests were performed using the eave tube assay that simulates the behavioural interaction between mosquitoes and insecticide-treated inserts. With the best performing insecticide, persistence was monitored over 12 months and the actual contact time lethal to mosquitoes was explored, using a range of transient exposure time (5 s, 30 s, 1 min up to 2 min) in the tube assays in laboratory. The mortality data were calibrated against overnight release-recapture data from enclosure around experimental huts incorporating treated inserts at the M'bé site. The natural recruitment rate of mosquitoes to the tube without insecticide treatment was assessed using fluorescent dust particles. RESULTS: Although most insecticides assayed during the initial screening induced significant mortality (45-100%) of pyrethroid resistant An. gambiae during the first 2 weeks, only 10% beta-cyfluthrin retained high residual efficacy, killing 100% of An. gambiae during the first month and > 80% over 8 subsequent months. Transient exposure for 5 s of mosquitoes to 10% beta-cyfluthrin produced 56% mortality, with an increase to 98% when contact time was extended to 2 min (P = 0.001). In the experimental hut enclosures, mortality of An. gambiae with 10% beta-cyfluthrin treated inserts was 55% compared to similar rate (44%) of mosquitoes that contacted the inserts treated with fluorescent dusts. This suggests that all host-seeking female mosquitoes that contacted beta-cyfluthrin treated inserts during host-seeking were killed. CONCLUSION: The eave tube technology is a novel malaria control approach which combines house proofing and targeted control of anopheline mosquitoes using insecticide treated inserts. Beta-cyfluthrin showed great promise for providing prolonged control of pyrethroid resistant An. gambiae and has potential to be deployed year-round in areas where malaria parasites are transmitted by highly pyrethroid resistant An. gambiae across sub-Saharan Africa.
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About 50% of mosquitoes that enter insecticide-treated tubes might die overnight.
“Both studies suggested that about 50% of mosquitoes that enter insecticide-treated tubes (in these cases, a wettable powder formulation of 10% beta-cyfluthrin) might die overnight, which is broadly in line with similar studies conducted in Kenya and Tanzania [15, 16].”
From Semi-field evaluation of the cumulative effects of a "Lethal House Lure" on malaria mosquito mortality (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
The Results (Experimental hut evaluations; page unavailable) report that 55% of mosquitoes tested with beta-cyfluthrin-treated inserts died by morning, supporting the approximate overnight mortality figure. But those mosquitoes were released into hut enclosures, not identified as mosquitoes that entered the treated tubes; the Discussion says some may not have entered or contacted the inserts. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMosquitoes entering tubes are blocked by inserts and upon contact insecticidal particles are transferred onto the mosquito body, delivering sufficiently high dose to potentially overcome insecticide resistance.
“Mosquitoes entering the tubes are blocked by the inserts and upon contact insecticidal particles are transferred onto the mosquito body, delivering sufficiently high dose to potentially overcome insecticide resistance [14, 16, 19, 26].”
From Semi-field evaluation of the cumulative effects of a "Lethal House Lure" on malaria mosquito mortality (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
Semi-field studies in Tanzania, Kenya, and Côte d'Ivoire have shown attraction of mosquitoes to Eave Tubes and reduced overnight survival.
“Semi-field studies in Tanzania,19 Kenya,20 and Côte d'Ivoire21, 22 have shown attraction of mosquitoes to the tubes and reduced overnight survival.”
From Impact and cost-effectiveness of a lethal house lure against malaria transmission in central Côte d'Ivoire: a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
β-cyfluthrin was selected for this trial on the basis of initial assays that showed 100% mortality against local wild-type mosquitoes using Eave Tubes.
“β-cyfluthrin is a pyrethroid with existing regulatory approval in Côte d'Ivoire and was selected for this trial on the basis of initial assays that showed 100% mortality against local wild-type mosquitoes using Eave Tubes.22”
From Impact and cost-effectiveness of a lethal house lure against malaria transmission in central Côte d'Ivoire: a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
Persistence of the insecticide under field trial conditions was shorter than suggested in initial studies (4 months under village conditions compared with >9 months in earlier laboratory tests and studies of experimental huts).
“Persistence of the insecticide under the field trial conditions was shorter than suggested in the initial studies (4 months under village conditions compared with >9 months in earlier laboratory tests and studies of experimental huts).22”
From Impact and cost-effectiveness of a lethal house lure against malaria transmission in central Côte d'Ivoire: a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
Early evaluation of candidates found that the selected pyrethroid product had good efficacy when delivered in an Eave Tube due to a high dose transfer of insecticide powder from the electrostatic netting.
“Although central Côte d'Ivoire is an area of intense pyrethroid resistance, early evaluation of candidates found that this product had good efficacy when delivered in an Eave Tube due to a high dose transfer of insecticide powder from the electrostatic netting.18, 22”
From Impact and cost-effectiveness of a lethal house lure against malaria transmission in central Côte d'Ivoire: a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Oumbouke, W. A., Tia, I. Z., Barreaux, A. M. G., Koffi, A. A., Sternberg, E. D., Thomas, M. B., & N’Guessan, R.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Institut National de Santé Publique (CI)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Oumbouke, Welbeck A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Malaria Journal
- Published
- 2018-10-22
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 374-374
- ISSN
- 1475-2875 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6196564
- OpenAlex
- W2896148701
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Malaria Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Agritrop (Cirad) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1131603)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Insect Pest Control Strategies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Dengue and Mosquito Control Research
- Keywords
- insecticide resistance, pyrethroid resistance, Anopheles gambiae s.l., electrostatic coating, beta-cyfluthrin, residual efficacy, insecticide persistence, contact time, malaria vector control, insecticide screening, Côte d'Ivoire, entomopathogenic fungi, boric acid, neonicotinoids, carbamates
- MeSH terms
- Mosquito Vectors, Animals, Anopheles, Female, Insecticides, Cote d'Ivoire, Mosquito Control, Powders
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