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Cited by 86Malaria Research and ControlInsect Pest Control StrategiesDengue and Mosquito Control Research

Electrostatic coating enhances bioavailability of insecticides and breaks pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes

Open access
Andriessen, Rob, Snetselaar, Janneke, Suer, Remco A., Osinga, Anne J., Deschietere, Johan, Lyimo, Issa N., Mnyone, Ladslaus L., Brooke, Basil D. +3 more·2015·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.1510801112PMC PMC4593083
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Abstract

Insecticide resistance poses a significant and increasing threat to the control of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. We present a novel method of insecticide application based on netting treated with an electrostatic coating that binds insecticidal particles through polarity. Electrostatic netting can hold small amounts of insecticides effectively and results in enhanced bioavailability upon contact by the insect. Six pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles mosquito strains from across Africa were exposed to similar concentrations of deltamethrin on electrostatic netting or a standard long-lasting deltamethrin-coated bednet (PermaNet 2.0). Standard WHO exposure bioassays showed that electrostatic netting induced significantly higher mortality rates than the PermaNet, thereby effectively breaking mosquito resistance. Electrostatic netting also induced high mortality in resistant mosquito strains when a 15-fold lower dose of deltamethrin was applied and when the exposure time was reduced to only 5 s. Because different types of particles adhere to electrostatic netting, it is also possible to apply nonpyrethroid insecticides. Three insecticide classes were effective against strains of Aedes and Culex mosquitoes, demonstrating that electrostatic netting can be used to deploy a wide range of active insecticides against all major groups of disease-transmitting mosquitoes. Promising applications include the use of electrostatic coating on walls or eave curtains and in trapping/contamination devices. We conclude that application of electrostatically adhered particles boosts the efficacy of WHO-recommended insecticides even against resistant mosquitoes. This innovative technique has potential to support the use of unconventional insecticide classes or combinations thereof, potentially offering a significant step forward in managing insecticide resistance in vector-control operations.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.1510801112

Cites

43 of 43 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

4 of 10 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingown data

    The uptake of insecticidal particles from electrostatic netting is much more efficient than the uptake from an LLIN at almost similar or lower target doses of active ingredient per unit surface area.

    “Results show that the uptake of insecticidal particles from electrostatic netting is much more efficient than the uptake from an LLIN at almost similar or lower target doses of active ingredient per unit surface area.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In a standard 3-min WHO cone exposure assay, mosquitoes obtained fluorescent particles across the entire body, including tarsi, antennae, proboscis, thorax, and lower abdomen, from electrostatic netting.

    “In a standard 3-min WHO cone exposure assay (26), mosquitoes obtained fluorescent particles across the entire body including tarsi, antennae, proboscis, thorax, and lower abdomen (Fig. 2C), demonstrating that an extensive dose was transferred from the electrostatic netting to the mosquito.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] 26. WHO (2011) Guidelines for Monitoring the Durability of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Mos- quito Nets Under Operational Conditions (World Health Organization, Geneva) Available at www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241501705/en/. Accessed June 3, 2015.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • The authors state this as an assumption: The quantity of transferred fluorescent particles is a valid proxy for insecticide contamination efficacy.
  • Findingown data

    Both PermaNet and electrostatic netting induced 100% mortality in susceptible anopheline strains 24 h after exposure.

    “Positive control tests with susceptible anopheline strains showed that both PermaNet and electrostatic netting induced 100% mortality 24 h after exposure, confirming the insecticidal quality of the tested samples (Fig. S2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Electrostatic coating enhances bioavailability of insecticides and breaks pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes

    Three nonpyrethroid insecticide classes were effective against strains of Aedes and Culex mosquitoes.

    “Three insecticide classes were effective against strains of Aedes and Culex mosquitoes, demonstrating that electrostatic netting can be used to deploy a wide range of active insecticides against all major groups of disease-transmitting mosquitoes.”
    • Also stated in: § Short Contact and Low Insecticide Doses. · plain
      “With standard 3-min cone assays, all tested insecticides induced 100% mortality in Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae.aegypti mosquitoes 24 h after exposure (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    High insecticidal efficacy of electrostatic netting against six Anopheles mosquito strains with different mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance from across Africa was demonstrated.

    “High insecticidal efficacy of electrostatic netting against six Anopheles mosquito strains with different mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance from across Africa was demonstrated.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles strains from across Africa are representative of field populations for assessing resistance-breaking.
  • May combine two claims. 18
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Experiments with Beauveria bassiana spores and pyriproxyfen applied on electrostatic netting inside a novel Aedes ovitrap showed that effective doses of these agents were transferred to gravid aedine mosquitoes, inducing high fungus infection rates and successful larvicide dissemination.

    “Experiments with Beauveria bassiana spores and pyriproxyfen applied on electrostatic netting inside a novel Aedes ovitrap showed that effective doses of these agents were transferred to gravid aedine mosquitoes, inducing high fungus infection rates and successful larvicide dissemination (36).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] 36. Snetselaar J, et al. (2014) Development and evaluation of a novel contamination device that targets multiple life-stages of Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 7(1):200. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous studies show that electrostatic coating can be used effectively to apply novel and biological control agents such as entomopathogens and autodisseminants.

    “Previous studies show that it can be used effectively to apply novel and biological control agents such as entomopathogens and autodisseminants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] 36. Snetselaar J, et al. (2014) Development and evaluation of a novel contamination device that targets multiple life-stages of Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 7(1):200. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Short-contact assays were conducted using a similar set-up made from 1.5-L plastic bottles with the lower half removed and the open end covered with treated netting.

    “Short-contact assays were conducted using a similar set-up made from 1.5-L plastic bottles with the lower half removed and the open end covered with treated netting (42).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] 42. Sternberg ED, Waite JL, Thomas MB (2014) Evaluating the efficacy of biological and conventional insecticides with the new 'MCD bottle' bioassay. Malar J 13:499. source

      The Background describes a plastic bottle with its bottom cut off and netting held over the opening, and the Methods describe short exposures using that assay. However, the paper specifies a 1-L bottle, not a 1.5-L bottle, and does not say the lower half was removed. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Electrostatic netting can be useful for house-screening products and point-source applications such as mosquito traps.

    “Electrostatic netting can be useful for house-screening products and point-source applications such as mosquito traps (36).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] 36. Snetselaar J, et al. (2014) Development and evaluation of a novel contamination device that targets multiple life-stages of Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 7(1):200. source

      The Results (Floater optimization; page unavailable) identify electrostatic gauze in the mosquito trap and report effective contact and powder transfer to mosquitoes. This supports its use in a point-source trap, but our copy does not address house-screening products. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    PermaNet 2.0 killed only 9.6% of the highly resistant An. gambiae Tiassale strain, whereas electrostatic netting with a 33% lower application dose of deltamethrin induced 100% mortality.

    “PermaNet 2.0 killed only 9.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2-18.0] of the highly resistant An. gambiae Tiassale strain, whereas electrostatic netting with a 33% lower application dose of deltamethrin induced 100% mortality.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    When contact time was reduced to 5 s, bendiocarb and azamethiphos still induced 100% mortality, whereas chlorfenapyr induced 97% mortality in Cx. quinquefasciatus and 31% mortality in Ae. aegypti.

    “When contact time was reduced to 5 s, the fast-acting chemicals bendiocarb and azamethiphos still induced 100% mortality, whereas the slower-acting chlorfenapyr induced 97% (CI = 89.9-100)and 31% (CI = 15.5-45.7)mortality in Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae.aegypti, respectively (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All strains except the susceptible Kisumu strain were resistant to LLIN exposure, which killed less than 40% after 24 h.

    “All strains except the susceptible Kisumu strain were resistant to LLIN exposure, which killed less than 40% after 24 h (Table S2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    An. funestus FUMOZ-R showed 10.6% mortality after PermaNet exposure, whereas electrostatic netting knocked down 96% and killed 63% of exposed females.

    “The most resistant Anopheles line tested, An. funestus FUMOZ-R, showed 10.6% mortality (CI = 1.8-19.4)after PermaNet exposure, whereas the electrostatic netting was able to knock down 96% (CI = 89.8-100)(Table S1) and kill 63% (CI = 49.1-76.9) of the exposed females (Fig. 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    With a 5-s exposure, electrostatic netting induced significantly higher mortality rates than LLIN netting, with 60-100% mortality (P < 0.05 for all groups).

    “With a 5-s exposure, electrostatic netting induced significantly higher mortality rates than LLIN netting: 60-100% mortality (P < 0.05 for all groups) (Fig. 4).”
    • Also stated in: § Electrostatic coating enhances bioavailability of insecticides and breaks pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes · plain
      “Electrostatic netting also induced high mortality in resistant mosquito strains when a 15-fold lower dose of deltamethrin was applied and when the exposure time was reduced to only 5 s.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The increased impact of electrostatic netting with 5-s exposure was observed not only in resistant laboratory strains but also in field-collected Culex specimens from the Kilombero valley in Tanzania.

    “This increased impact was observed not only in the resistant laboratory strains but also in field-collected Culex specimens from the Kilombero valley in Tanzania.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    With standard 3-min cone assays, all tested nonpyrethroid insecticides induced 100% mortality in Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes 24 h after exposure.

    “With standard 3-min cone assays, all tested insecticides induced 100% mortality in Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae.aegypti mosquitoes 24 h after exposure (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A 5-s exposure resulted in effective particle transfer from electrostatic netting to mosquitoes, with visible amounts of fluorescent particles adhering to the tarsi and body.

    “Shorter contact assays, using exposures of only 5 s, also resulted in effective particle transfer from the netting to mosquitoes, with visible amounts of fluorescent particles adhering to the tarsi and body (Fig. 2B).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The quantity of transferred fluorescent particles is a valid proxy for insecticide contamination efficacy.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Quality control tests with the electrostatic coating on antipollen screens have shown that the electrostatic netting fibers can be washed up to 40 times and still retain the electrostatic charge.

    “Quality control tests with the electrostatic coating on antipollen screens have shown that the electrostatic netting fibers can be washed up to 40 times and still retain the electrostatic charge.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Ongoing field studies indicate that bendiocarb-and deltamethrin-saturated electrostatic netting is highly effective when placed in eave tubes.

    “Ongoing field studies indicate that bendiocarb-and deltamethrin-saturated electrostatic netting is highly effective when placed in eave tubes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The susceptible strains all showed 100% knockdown after 1 h and 100% mortality 24 h after exposure.

    “The susceptible strains all showed 100% knockdown after 1 h and 100% mortality 24 h after exposure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Applying insecticide particles on an electrostatic coating significantly improves bioavailability and hence mosquito mortality.

    “These results show that electrostatic netting can kill highly pyrethroidresistant mosquitoes with deltamethrin concentrations 93% lower than those used on an LLIN and confirm that applying insecticide particles on an electrostatic coating significantly improves bioavailability and hence mosquito mortality.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The electrostatic coating can be used to apply multiple insecticide classes onto polyester netting effectively and can achieve high mortality rates in mosquitoes from all important vector genera.

    “These findings show that the electrostatic coating can be used to apply multiple insecticide classes onto polyester netting effectively and can achieve high mortality rates in mosquitoes from all important vector genera.”
    • Also stated in: § Electrostatic coating enhances bioavailability of insecticides and breaks pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes · boosted
      “Three insecticide classes were effective against strains of Aedes and Culex mosquitoes, demonstrating that electrostatic netting can be used to deploy a wide range of active insecticides against all major groups of disease-transmitting mosquitoes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The electrostatic coating can be applied on different substrates and retain function.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Higher dosages of permethrin kill resistant genotypes more efficiently than lower dosages have been reported previously.

    “Similar results indicating that higher dosages of permethrin kill resistant genotypes more efficiently than lower dosages have been reported previously (35).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] 35. Corbel V, et al. (2004) Dosage-dependent effects of permethrin-treated nets on the be- haviour of Anopheles gambiae and the selection of pyrethroid resistance. Malar J 3:22.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Insecticide-susceptible mosquito strains were included to confirm sample quality.

    “Insecticide-susceptible mosquito strains were included to confirm sample quality.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Mosquito contact as short as 5 s is sufficient to induce high mortality, indicating that the electrostatic coating may be a useful application technique for vector-control tools for which insect-surface contact is short and transient, such as eave screens or lure-and-kill devices.

    “That mosquito contact as short as 5 s is sufficient to induce high mortality indicates that the electrostatic coating may be a useful application technique for vector-control tools for which insect-surface contact is short and transient, such as eave screens or lure-and-kill devices.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: A 5-s exposure mimics situations in which mosquitoes make only short and transient contact with a treated surface.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Coated surfaces can remain active for long time periods and can be reloaded with insecticide at appropriate time intervals.

    “Thus coated surfaces can remain active for long time periods and can be reloaded with insecticide at appropriate time intervals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Three-minute exposures were conducted using cone assays according to the WHO protocol.

    “Three-minute exposures were conducted using cone assays according to the WHO protocol (40).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [40] 40. WHO (2006) Guidelines for Testing Mosquito Alduticides for Indoor Residual Spraying and Treatment of Mosquito Nets (World Health Organization, Geneva) Available at https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/69296. Accessed June 3, 2015.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Standard WHO resistance assays were performed, comprising a 1-h exposure of two replicate groups of 25 unfed females (2-to 4-d-old) per strain, using test tubes lined with 0.05% deltamethrin papers obtained by the WHO vector-control reference unit in Malaysia.

    “Standard WHO resistance assays were performed, comprising a 1-h exposure of two replicate groups of 25 unfed females (2-to 4-d-old) per strain, using test tubes lined with 0.05% deltamethrin papers obtained by the WHO vector-control reference unit in Malaysia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    This feature may be of particular use for IRS-like wall applications and tools that use removable inserts.

    “This feature may be of particular use for IRS-like wall applications and tools that use removable inserts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The application of electrostatically adhered particles can boost the efficacy and provide resistance-breaking applications of currently recommended public health insecticides.

    “In conclusion, the application of electrostatically adhered particles can boost the efficacy and provide resistance-breaking applications of currently recommended public health insecticides.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The electrostatic coating can be applied effectively onto various surfaces, including walls, via spray or paint.

    “The electrostatic coating can be applied effectively onto various surfaces, including walls, via spray or paint.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    A new application technique that can boost insecticidal impact, reduce application doses, and expand options for using other bioactives will provide a significant step forward in vector control and resistance management.

    “a new application technique that can boost insecticidal impact, reduce application doses, and expand options for using other bioactives will provide a significant step forward in vector control and resistance management.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Insecticide resistance is a growing problem in many countries.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    If the control mortality ranged between 5% and 20%, mortality data were corrected using Abbott's formula.

    “If the control mortality ranged between 5% and 20%, mortality data were corrected using Abbott's formula to adjust mortality: (%) = (X -Y)/(100 -Y) × 100, where X is the percentage mortality in the treated sample and Y is the percentage mortality in the untreated control sample.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    In all exposures the mosquito numbers and ages were according to the WHO protocol.

    “In all exposures the mosquito numbers and ages were according to the WHO protocol and manual aspirators were used to remove the mosquitoes from the cones after 3-min gauze contact or from the bottles after 5-s gauze contact.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Untreated polyester bednet material and untreated electrostatic polyester netting were included as control treatments.

    “Untreated polyester bednet material (Vestergaard Frandsen) and untreated electrostatic polyester netting (Van Heek Textiles BV) were included as control treatments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The potential ability to reduce insecticide application doses in mosquito-control tools could help reduce negative impacts on human health and the environment and might provide more cost-effective vector-control options.

    “The potential ability to reduce insecticide application doses in mosquito-control tools could help reduce negative impacts on human health and the environment and might provide more cost-effective vector-control options; such options currently are needed in disease-endemic regions where resources are limited.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Such options currently are needed in disease-endemic regions where resources are limited.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    All mosquito cohorts used comprised 2-to 6-d-old unfed females, according to the WHO protocol, to exclude the impact of intrinsic factors related to insecticide toxicity.

    “To exclude the impact of intrinsic factors related to insecticide toxicity, all mosquito cohorts used comprised 2-to 6-d-old unfed females, according to the WHO protocol (40).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [40] 40. WHO (2006) Guidelines for Testing Mosquito Alduticides for Indoor Residual Spraying and Treatment of Mosquito Nets (World Health Organization, Geneva) Available at https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/69296. Accessed June 3, 2015.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    These tests included untreated electrostatic polyester netting as control treatments.

    “These tests included untreated electrostatic polyester netting as control treatments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Electrostatic netting offers a wide range of application options for vector control, potentially using insecticide combinations or mosaicking/rotations of multiple bioactives and/or novel classes of insecticides.

    “Electrostatic netting offers a wide range of application options for vector control, potentially using insecticide combinations or mosaicking/rotations of multiple bioactives and/or novel classes of insecticides.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Susceptible strains (SUA, TONGs, KGB, and FANG) were included to confirm the insecticidal activity of the WHO test papers.

    “The susceptible strains (SUA, TONGs, KGB, and FANG) were included to confirm the insecticidal activity of the WHO test papers (Fig. S1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
35 of 35

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The quantity of transferred fluorescent particles is a valid proxy for insecticide contamination efficacy.

    “The quantity of transferred fluorescent particles served as a visual proxy for contamination efficacy (Fig. 2A).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    A 5-s exposure mimics situations in which mosquitoes make only short and transient contact with a treated surface.

    “A 5-s exposure time was included to mimic situations in which mosquitoes make only short and transient contact with a treated surface, for instance when netting is applied in eave screens.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The electrostatic coating can be applied on different substrates and retain function.

    “This method consists of a coating that can be applied on different substrates and has an electrostatic charge that binds particles via polarity.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles strains from across Africa are representative of field populations for assessing resistance-breaking.

    “Six pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles mosquito strains from across Africa were exposed to similar concentrations of deltamethrin on electrostatic netting or a standard longlasting deltamethrin-coated bednet (PermaNet 2.0).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Reduced efficacy with direct contact and repeated handling of the netting is anticipated.

    “reduced efficacy with direct contact and repeated handling of the netting is anticipated.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Mosquitoes attracted to human odors that pass through eave tubes are blocked from house entry by electrostatic netting that covers the eave tube.

    “Mosquitoes attracted to the human odors that pass through the tubes are blocked from house entry by electrostatic netting that covers the eave tube.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Insecticide resistance is a growing problem in many countries.

    “Insecticide resistance is a growing problem in many countries”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Such options currently are needed in disease-endemic regions where resources are limited.

    “such options currently are needed in disease-endemic regions where resources are limited.”
8 of 8

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

  • Reported knockdown falls outside its confidence interval

    Minor

    The reported knockdown of 39.0% is below its stated 95% confidence interval of 72.7-93.9%. The paper's stated confidence-interval formula is symmetric around the estimate, and these bounds have a midpoint of 83.3%, not 39.0%.

    Reported 39 · recomputed 83.3

1 of 1

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Authors
Andriessen, R., Snetselaar, J., Suer, R. A., Osinga, A. J., Deschietere, J., Lyimo, I. N., Mnyone, L. L., Brooke, B. D., Ranson, H., Knols, B. G. J., & Farenhorst, M.
Affiliations
  • In2Care BV, Wageningen 6709 PG, The Netherlands;
  • CTF2000, Zele 9240, Belgium;
  • Ifakara Health Institute (TZ)
  • National Health Laboratory Service (ZA)
  • Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (GB)
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
2015-08-31
Volume
112
Issue
39
Pages
12081-12086
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.1510801112
PMC
PMC4593083
OpenAlex
W2115297975
Semantic Scholar
14f9365f167857cd3d604770b89f8a8fd8ff7345
Cited by
86
References
39
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 8
FWCI
11.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.pnas.org/site/misc/userlicense.xhtml (vor)
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • IHI Repository (acceptedVersion)
  • LSTM Online Archive (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
  • LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Seventh Framework Programme (306105)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Insect Pest Control Strategies
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Dengue and Mosquito Control Research
Keywords
electrostatic coating, insecticide resistance, pyrethroid resistance, deltamethrin, Anopheles, bed nets, insecticide application, malaria vector control, Aedes, Culex, long-lasting insecticidal nets, PermaNet 2.0
MeSH terms
Africa, Animals, Biological Availability, Insecticide Resistance, Insecticides, Malaria, Culicidae, Nitriles, Pyrethrins, Time Factors, Static Electricity, Mosquito Nets

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