Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Nepali versions of numerical pain rating scale and global rating of change

Sharma, Saurab; Palanchoke, Joshna; Reed, Darren; Haxby Abbott, J.

doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0812-8

Cited by 59Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationPain Management and Opioid UsePsychometric Methodologies and Testing

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Nepali versions of numerical pain rating scale and global rating of change

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Sharma, Saurab, Palanchoke, Joshna, Reed, Darren, Haxby Abbott, J.·2017·Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

DOI 10.1186/s12955-017-0812-8PMC PMC5715544

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pain intensity and patients' impression of global improvement are widely used patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in clinical practice and research. They are commonly assessed using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Global Rating of Change (GROC) questionnaires. The GROC is essential as an anchor for evaluating the psychometric properties of PROMs. Both of these PROMs are translated to many languages and have shown excellent psychometric properties. Their availability in Nepali would facilitate pain research and cross-cultural comparison of research findings. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to translate and cross-culturally adapt the NPRS and GROC into Nepali and to assess the psychometric properties of the Nepali version of the NPRS (NPRS-NP). METHODS: After translating and cross-culturally adapting the NPRS and GROC into Nepali using recommended guidelines, NPRS-NP was administered to 104 individuals with musculoskeletal pain twice. The Nepali version of the GROC (GROC-NP) was administered at the follow-up for anchor-based assessment. (1) Test-retest reliability and minimum detectable change (MDC) among the stable group, (2) construct validity (by single sample t-test within the improved group and independent sample t-test between groups), and (3) concurrent validity were assessed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to determine the responsiveness of the NPRS-NP using the area under the curve (AUC), and minimum important changes (MIC) for small, medium and large improvements. RESULTS: Significant cultural adaptations were required to obtain relevant Nepali versions of both the NPRS and GROC. The NPRS-NP showed excellent test-retest reliability and a MDC of 1.13 points. NPRS-NP demonstrated a good construct validity by significant within-group difference in mean of NPRS score- t(63)= 7.57, P < 0.001 and statistically significant difference of mean score- t(98)= -4.24, P < .001 between the stable and improved groups. It demonstrated moderate concurrent correlation with the GROC-NP; r = 0.43, P < 0.01. Responsiveness of the NPRS-NP was shown at three levels with AUC = 0.68-0.82, and MIC = 1.17-1.33. CONCLUSIONS: The NPRS and GROC were successfully translated and culturally adapted into Nepali. The NPRS-NP demonstrated good reliability, validity and responsiveness in assessing musculoskeletal pain intensity in a Nepali population.

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Eight outcome measures previously translated and cross-culturally adapted to the Nepali language were used.
“We used eight outcome measures previously translated and cross-culturally adapted to the Nepali language: four Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) short form measures assessing pain intensity, pain interference, sleep disturbance and depression41; a two-item quality of life scale, seven-point Global Rating of Change42 43; the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)44; and the”
From Results of a feasibility randomised clinical trial on pain education for low back pain in Nepal: the Pain Education in Nepal-Low Back Pain (PEN-LBP) feasibility trial (2019) · cites this paper as [43]

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Additional file 2: of Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Nepali versions of numerical pain rating scale and global rating of change
Sharma, S., Palanchoke, J., Reed, D., & Abbott, J. H. (2017) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.5665978
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Additional file 1: of Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Nepali versions of numerical pain rating scale and global rating of change
Sharma, S., Palanchoke, J., Reed, D., & Abbott, J. H. (2017) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.5665963
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Validation of the Nepali versions of the NeckDisability Index and the Numerical Rating Scalefor Neck Pain
Shrestha, D., Shrestha, R., Grotle, M., Nygaard, Ø. P., & Solberg, T. K. (2020) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives

Authors: Sharma, S., Palanchoke, J., Reed, D., & Haxby Abbott, J.
Affiliations: Kathmandu University (NP)
Scheer Memorial Adventist Hospital (NP)
The University of Sydney (AU)
Corresponding author: Sharma, Saurab
ORCID: Sharma, Saurab
Reed, Darren
Venue: Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-12
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Pages: 236-236
ISSN: 1477-7525 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12955-017-0812-8
PMC: PMC5715544
OpenAlex: W2772680723
Cited by: 59
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2
FWCI: 4.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Health and Quality of Life Outcomes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: numerical pain rating scale, global rating of change, Nepali translation, cross-cultural adaptation, patient-reported outcome measures, pain intensity, musculoskeletal pain, test-retest reliability, minimal detectable change, construct validity, concurrent validity, responsiveness, Nepal, cultural adaptation of questionnaires
MeSH terms: Patient Reported Outcome Measures, Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nepal, Pain Measurement, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, ROC Curve, Translations, Reproducibility of Results, Outcome Assessment, Health Care

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Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Nepali versions of numerical pain rating scale and global rating of change

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