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The combination of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 levels during primary HIV infection predicts HIV disease progression

Yin, Xiaowan, Wang, Zhuo, Wu, Tong, Ma, Meichen, Zhang, Zining, Chu, Zhenxing, Hu, Qinghai, Ding, Haibo, Han, Xiaoxu, Xu, Junjie, Shang, Hong, Jiang, Yongjun·2019·Journal of Translational Medicine
DOI 10.1186/s12967-019-02172-3PMC PMC6909626
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Abstract

Background: Chemokines are small chemotactic cytokines involved in inflammation, cell migration, and immune regulation in both physiological and pathological contexts. Here, we investigated the profile of chemokines during primary HIV infection (PHI). Methods: Fifty-four participants with blood samples before and during HIV infection and clinical information available were selected from an HIV-negative man who have sex with men (MSM) prospective cohort. Thirty chemokines and 10 cytokines were measured pre- and post-HIV infection in the same individuals using a Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Chemokine Panel. Results: Levels of 18 chemokines/cytokines changed significantly during PHI relative to pre-HIV infection levels; 14 were up-regulated and 4 down-regulated. Among them, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 were the most prominently raised. Levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 were much higher in the high-set point group (log viral load (lgVL) ≥ 4.5) than those in the low-set point group (lgVL < 4.5) and levels of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 were higher in the low-CD4 + T-cell count group (CD4 + T-cell count ≥ 500). A formula to predict HIV disease progression using a combination panel comprising CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 was developed, where risk score = 0.007 × CXCL9 + 0.004 × CXCL10 − 0.033 × CXCL11 − 1.724, with risk score values higher than the cutoff threshold (0.5211) indicating more rapid HIV disease progression. Conclusions: A panel of plasma CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 measured during primary HIV-1 infection could predict long-term HIV disease prognosis in an MSM group and has potential as a novel biomarker in the clinic.

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Figures

Fig. 1 Alterations in the levels of 40 plasma chemokines/cytokines pre- and post-HIV infection. a Comparison of the levels of 40 chemokines/cytokines pre- and post-HIV infection in the same individuals (n = 54). Graphs represent median ± interquartile range. The nonparametric Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used for evaluation of the significance of differences between groups. b Heat map showing the fold-change values of 18 chemokines/cytokines with levels significantly changed in each individual during HIV infection. White, non-significant fold-change in chemokine/cytokine levels between the two time points (HIV− and HIV+). Blue and red, significantly decreased or increased fold-change in chemokine/cytokine levels between the two time points (HIV− and HIV+), respectively. The darker and more saturated the color, the greater the extent of the fold-change. c Percentage change in the 18 chemokines/cytokines with significantly altered levels: CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL13, CXCL16, CCL2, CCL3, CCL8, CCL11, CCL17, CCL20, CCL22, CCL23, CCL24, CCL25, CX3CL1, TNF-α, and IL-16. d Correlation analysis of plasma CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels in HIV− and HIV+ samples. Pearson’s correlation coefficient values between chemokines are shown. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001
Fig. 1 Alterations in the levels of 40 plasma chemokines/cytokines pre- and post-HIV infection. a Comparison of the levels of 40 chemokines/cytokines pre- and post-HIV infection in the same individuals (n = 54). Graphs represent median ± interquartile range. The nonparametric Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used for evaluation of the significance of differences between groups. b Heat map showing the fold-change values of 18 chemokines/cytokines with levels significantly changed in each individual during HIV infection. White, non-significant fold-change in chemokine/cytokine levels between the two time points (HIV− and HIV+). Blue and red, significantly decreased or increased fold-change in chemokine/cytokine levels between the two time points (HIV− and HIV+), respectively. The darker and more saturated the color, the greater the extent of the fold-change. c Percentage change in the 18 chemokines/cytokines with significantly altered levels: CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL13, CXCL16, CCL2, CCL3, CCL8, CCL11, CCL17, CCL20, CCL22, CCL23, CCL24, CCL25, CX3CL1, TNF-α, and IL-16. d Correlation analysis of plasma CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels in HIV− and HIV+ samples. Pearson’s correlation coefficient values between chemokines are shown. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Plasma CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels during PHI were correlated with viral load. a Analysis of correlations between plasma CXCL9 (r = 0.2764, p = 0.0496), CXCL10 (r = 0.4055, p = 0.0032), and CXCL11 (r = 0.219, p = 0.1225) levels in HIV+ samples and VL at the same sampling point (n = 51). b Comparisons of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels between VL-high (n = 33) and VL-low (n = 18) groups at the sampling point (CXCL9, p = 0.0381; CXCL10, p = 0.0079; CXCL11, p = 0.1161). c Analysis of the correlations between plasma CXCL9 (r = 0.2963, p = 0.0793), CXCL10 (r = 0.3058, p = 0.0697), and CXCL11 (r = 0.134, p = 0.4359) levels at the HIV+ point and VL at set-point (n = 35). d Comparisons of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels between the VL-high (n = 24) and VL-low (n = 11) groups at set-point (CXCL9, p = 0.0035; CXCL10, p = 0.0052; CXCL11, p = 0.0896). Spearman correlation analysis was used to estimate the level of correlation. A nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare between-group distributions; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001
Fig. 2 Plasma CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels during PHI were correlated with viral load. a Analysis of correlations between plasma CXCL9 (r = 0.2764, p = 0.0496), CXCL10 (r = 0.4055, p = 0.0032), and CXCL11 (r = 0.219, p = 0.1225) levels in HIV+ samples and VL at the same sampling point (n = 51). b Comparisons of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels between VL-high (n = 33) and VL-low (n = 18) groups at the sampling point (CXCL9, p = 0.0381; CXCL10, p = 0.0079; CXCL11, p = 0.1161). c Analysis of the correlations between plasma CXCL9 (r = 0.2963, p = 0.0793), CXCL10 (r = 0.3058, p = 0.0697), and CXCL11 (r = 0.134, p = 0.4359) levels at the HIV+ point and VL at set-point (n = 35). d Comparisons of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels between the VL-high (n = 24) and VL-low (n = 11) groups at set-point (CXCL9, p = 0.0035; CXCL10, p = 0.0052; CXCL11, p = 0.0896). Spearman correlation analysis was used to estimate the level of correlation. A nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare between-group distributions; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Plasma CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 levels during PHI are correlated with CD4+ T-cell counts. a Analysis of correlations between plasma CXCL9 (r = − 0.051, p = 0.7195), CXCL10 (r = − 0.1013, p = 0.4751), and CXCL11 (r = -0.0357, p = 0.8014) levels at the HIV+ point and CD4+ T-cell count at the same sampling point (n = 52). b Comparisons of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels between the CD4+-high (n = 16) and CD4+-low (n = 36) groups at the sampling point (CXCL9, p = 0.9448; CXCL10, p = 0.7407; CXCL11, p = 0.9893). c Analysis of the correlations between plasma CXCL9 (r = − 0.3062, p = 0.0737), CXCL10 (r = − 0.2059, p = 0.2354), and CXCL11 (r = − 0.2406, p = 0.1638) levels at the HIV+ point and CD4+ T-cell count at set-point (n = 35). d Comparisons of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels between the CD4+-high (n = 16) and CD4+-low (n = 19) groups at set-point (CXCL9, p = 0.1662; CXCL10, p = 0.5256; CXCL11, p = 0.3317). e Analysis of the correlations between plasma CXCL9 (r = − 0.5692, p = 0.0007), CXCL10 (r = -0.1952, p = 0.2843), and CXCL11 (r = − 0.3741, p = 0.0349) levels at the HIV+ point and CD4+ T-cell count at 1-year-infection (n = 32). f Comparisons of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels between the CD4+-high (n = 10) and CD4+-low (n = 22) groups at 1-year-infection (CXCL9, p = 0.0008; CXCL10, p = 0.0242; CXCL11, p = 0.0106)
Fig. 3 Plasma CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 levels during PHI are correlated with CD4+ T-cell counts. a Analysis of correlations between plasma CXCL9 (r = − 0.051, p = 0.7195), CXCL10 (r = − 0.1013, p = 0.4751), and CXCL11 (r = -0.0357, p = 0.8014) levels at the HIV+ point and CD4+ T-cell count at the same sampling point (n = 52). b Comparisons of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels between the CD4+-high (n = 16) and CD4+-low (n = 36) groups at the sampling point (CXCL9, p = 0.9448; CXCL10, p = 0.7407; CXCL11, p = 0.9893). c Analysis of the correlations between plasma CXCL9 (r = − 0.3062, p = 0.0737), CXCL10 (r = − 0.2059, p = 0.2354), and CXCL11 (r = − 0.2406, p = 0.1638) levels at the HIV+ point and CD4+ T-cell count at set-point (n = 35). d Comparisons of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels between the CD4+-high (n = 16) and CD4+-low (n = 19) groups at set-point (CXCL9, p = 0.1662; CXCL10, p = 0.5256; CXCL11, p = 0.3317). e Analysis of the correlations between plasma CXCL9 (r = − 0.5692, p = 0.0007), CXCL10 (r = -0.1952, p = 0.2843), and CXCL11 (r = − 0.3741, p = 0.0349) levels at the HIV+ point and CD4+ T-cell count at 1-year-infection (n = 32). f Comparisons of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels between the CD4+-high (n = 10) and CD4+-low (n = 22) groups at 1-year-infection (CXCL9, p = 0.0008; CXCL10, p = 0.0242; CXCL11, p = 0.0106)CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 Dynamic changes in plasma CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels during PHI. a Dynamic changes in plasma CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and viral load during PHI in five participants. Blue, red, yellow, and gray lines represent CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and viral load, respectively. b Dynamic changes in plasma CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CD4+ T-cell count during PHI in five participants. Blue, red, yellow, and green lines represent CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CD4+ T-cell count, respectively
Fig. 4 Dynamic changes in plasma CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels during PHI. a Dynamic changes in plasma CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and viral load during PHI in five participants. Blue, red, yellow, and gray lines represent CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and viral load, respectively. b Dynamic changes in plasma CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CD4+ T-cell count during PHI in five participants. Blue, red, yellow, and green lines represent CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CD4+ T-cell count, respectivelyCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 5 Value of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels for predicting HIV CD4+ T-cell count. a ROC curves for CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and a combination panel of three chemokines, in predicting CD4+ T-cell count at 1-year-infection. AUC values were used to evaluate CD4+ T-cell count at 1-year-infection and the point with the maximum sum of sensitivity plus specificity was defined as the cutoff value. b Kaplan–Meier curves for CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and the combination panel of three chemokines. Patients were divided into high expressers (above the cutoff value) and low expressers (below the cutoff value), according to the cutoff value for chemokine expression. CD4+ T-cell count reaching ≤ 500 cells/μL was considered as the end point for follow-up. p values for curves provided on graphs
Fig. 5 Value of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels for predicting HIV CD4+ T-cell count. a ROC curves for CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and a combination panel of three chemokines, in predicting CD4+ T-cell count at 1-year-infection. AUC values were used to evaluate CD4+ T-cell count at 1-year-infection and the point with the maximum sum of sensitivity plus specificity was defined as the cutoff value. b Kaplan–Meier curves for CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and the combination panel of three chemokines. Patients were divided into high expressers (above the cutoff value) and low expressers (below the cutoff value), according to the cutoff value for chemokine expression. CD4+ T-cell count reaching ≤ 500 cells/μL was considered as the end point for follow-up. p values for curves provided on graphsCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 6 Value of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 for predicting HIV viral load and disease progression. a ROC curves for CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and the combination panel of three chemokines to evaluate their use for predicting viral load at set-point. AUC was used to evaluate viral load at set-point and the point with the maximum sum of sensitivity plus specificity was defined as the cutoff value. b Kaplan–Meier curves for CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and the combination panel of three chemokines. According to the cutoff value for chemokine expression levels, patients were divided into high expressers (above the cutoff value) and low expressers (below the cutoff value). Viral load reaching > 104 copies/mL was considered the end point of follow-up. p values for curves provided on graphs. c Kaplan–Meier curves for CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and the combination panel of three chemokines. According to the cutoff value of chemokine expression, patients were divided into high expressers (above the cutoff value) and low expressers (below the cutoff value). Viral load reaching > 104 copies/mL and CD4+ T-cell count reaching ≤ 500 cells/μL was considered the end point for follow-up. p values for curves provided on graphs. d Schematic and formula of the combined-chemokine-predictive model for HIV disease progression
Fig. 6 Value of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 for predicting HIV viral load and disease progression. a ROC curves for CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and the combination panel of three chemokines to evaluate their use for predicting viral load at set-point. AUC was used to evaluate viral load at set-point and the point with the maximum sum of sensitivity plus specificity was defined as the cutoff value. b Kaplan–Meier curves for CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and the combination panel of three chemokines. According to the cutoff value for chemokine expression levels, patients were divided into high expressers (above the cutoff value) and low expressers (below the cutoff value). Viral load reaching > 104 copies/mL was considered the end point of follow-up. p values for curves provided on graphs. c Kaplan–Meier curves for CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and the combination panel of three chemokines. According to the cutoff value of chemokine expression, patients were divided into high expressers (above the cutoff value) and low expressers (below the cutoff value). Viral load reaching > 104 copies/mL and CD4+ T-cell count reaching ≤ 500 cells/μL was considered the end point for follow-up. p values for curves provided on graphs. d Schematic and formula of the combined-chemokine-predictive model for HIV disease progressionCC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Yin, X., Wang, Z., Wu, T., Ma, M., Zhang, Z., Chu, Z., Hu, Q., Ding, H., Han, X., Xu, J., Shang, H., & Jiang, Y.
ORCID
Shang, Hong
Venue
Journal of Translational Medicine
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2019-12
Volume
17
Issue
1
ISSN
1479-5876
DOI
10.1186/s12967-019-02172-3
PMC
PMC6909626
Cited by
54
References
66
Language
en
Licence
Funders
Mega Projects of National Science Research for the 13th Five-Year Plan (2017ZX10201101)

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The combination of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 levels during primary HIV infection predicts HIV disease progression. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1186/s12967-019-02172-3
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Yin, X., Wang, Z., Wu, T., Ma, M., Zhang, Z., Chu, Z., Hu, Q., Ding, H., Han, X., Xu, J., Shang, H., & Jiang, Y. (2019). The combination of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 levels during primary HIV infection predicts HIV disease progression. Journal of Translational Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-019-02172-3

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