Systemic profiling of immune responses in healthy adults vaccinated with an RBD-targeting COVID-19 mRNA vaccine
Open accessAbstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have succeeded unprecedentedly due to high protection efficacy and robust immune responses. However, systematic and longitudinal profiling of immune responses in mRNA vaccine recipients remains limited. Here, a cohort of ten healthy volunteers who received two doses of ARCoV, a non-modified mRNA vaccine, were enrolled. Peripheral blood samples were collected and analyzed using Olink technology, antibody detection, intracellular cytokine staining, single-cell sequencing, and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing. ARCoV vaccination induced potent humoral and cellular immune responses, as well as elevated cytokines including C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Single-cell sequencing revealed that ARCoV immunization induced an increased relative abundance of interferon-activated T cells, proliferative T cells, and naïve T cells. Monocytes and dendritic cells exhibited activation of the innate immune response, downregulation of hypoxia and glycolysis pathways, and a transient decrease in their proportions. Integrative analysis of single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing identified clonal expansion of effector T cells and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)-expressing natural killer-like cells after the second dose. These findings deepen our understanding of the immune dynamics following mRNA vaccination and offer valuable insights for designing next-generation vaccines. This study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100049104). • ARCoV vaccination elicits increased expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). • Single-cell sequencing shows expansion of interferon-activated and proliferating T cell subsets after immunization. • ARCoV induces expansion of T cell receptor (TCR) clones in effector T cells and KIR + natural killer (NK)-like cells.
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- Authors
- Zhou, C., Sun, M., Huang, X., Liu, P., Ouyang, Z., Wu, M., Yuan, L., Chen, J., Shu, W., Cao, T., Wu, X., Zhao, H., & Qin, C.-F.
- Affiliations
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences (CN)
- Walvax Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China) (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhao, Hui
- Qin, Cheng-Feng
- ORCID
- Venue
- hLife
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-09
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 415-432
- ISSN
- 2949-9283 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4409838831
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 2.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- hLife (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (92169120, 32130005, 82172244)
- Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC2302400)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, humoral immune response, cell-mediated immunity, interferon-gamma, CXCL10, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, innate immune activation
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