Review of case definitions for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)
Open accessAbstract
Background: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating disease with unknown causes. From the perspectives on the etiology and pathophysiology, ME/CFS has been labeled differently, which influenced changes in case definitions and terminologies. This review sought to feature aspects of the history, developments, and differential symptoms in the case definitions. Methods: A search was conducted through PubMed published to February 2020 using the following search keywords: case definition AND chronic fatigue syndrome [MeSH Terms]. All reference lists of the included studies were checked. Of the included studies, the number of citations and the visibility in the literatures of the definitions were considered for comparisons of the criteria. Results: Since the first 'ME' case definition was developed in 1986, 25 case definitions/diagnostic criteria were created based on three conceptual factors (etiology, pathophysiology, and exclusionary disorders). These factors can be categorized into four categories (ME, ME/CFS, CFS, and SEID) and broadly characterized according to primary disorder (ME-viral, CFS-unknown, ME/CFS-inflammatory, SEID-multisystemic), compulsory symptoms (ME and ME/CFS-neuroinflammatory, CFS and SEID-fatigue and/or malaise), and required conditions (ME-infective agent, ME/CFS, CFS, SEID-symptoms associated with fatigue, e.g., duration of illness). ME and ME/CFS widely cover all symptom categories, while CFS mainly covers neurologic and neurocognitive symptoms. Fatigue, cognitive impairment, PEM, sleep disorder, and orthostatic intolerance were the overlapping symptoms of the 4 categories, which were included as SEID criteria. Conclusions: This study comprehensively described the journey of the development of case definitions and compared the symptom criteria. This review provides broader insights and explanations to understand the complexity of ME/CFS for clinicians and researchers.
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Most included studies used well-established criteria for CFS inclusion.
“Although it was not possible to calculate subgroup analyses based on the different diagnostic criteria used for inclusion of CFS patients, most included studies used well-established criteria [2].”
From Efficacy and Acceptance of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Adults with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Meta-analysis. (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
The Results identify eight prominently cited ME/CFS case definitions, and the Discussion says most studies and clinicians have used such definitions. The review does not establish which criteria were used by most studies included in the citing paper, so that specific part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Lim, E.-J., & Son, C.-G.
- Affiliations
- Daejeon University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Son, Chang-Gue
- Venue
- Journal of Translational Medicine
- Published
- 2020-07-29
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 289-289
- ISSN
- 1479-5876 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7391812
- OpenAlex
- W3045864147
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 3.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Translational Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2018R1A6A1A03025221)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders
- Keywords
- chronic fatigue syndrome, case definition, diagnostic criteria, etiology, pathophysiology, post-infectious fatigue, post-viral fatigue, post-infectious encephalomyelitis, fatigue, cognitive impairment, post-exertional malaise, sleep disorder, orthostatic intolerance, symptom criteria
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Sleep Wake Disorders, Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic, Orthostatic Intolerance
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