CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 161Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 150 of the 151 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Genetics ignite focus on microglial inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease

Open access
Malik, Manasi, Parikh, Ishita, Vasquez, Jared B., Smith, Conor, Tai, Leon, Bu, Guojun, LaDu, Mary Jo, Fardo, David W., Rebeck, G. William, Estus, Steven·2015·Molecular Neurodegeneration
DOI 10.1186/s13024-015-0048-1PMC PMC4595327
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

In the past five years, a series of large-scale genetic studies have revealed novel risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Analyses of these risk factors have focused attention upon the role of immune processes in AD, specifically microglial function. In this review, we discuss interpretation of genetic studies. We then focus upon six genes implicated by AD genetics that impact microglial function: TREM2, CD33, CR1, ABCA7, SHIP1, and APOE. We review the literature regarding the biological functions of these six proteins and their putative role in AD pathogenesis. We then present a model for how these factors may interact to modulate microglial function in AD.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s13024-015-0048-1

Cites

150 of 150 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Fig. 1 Several interactions have been reported between the AD risk genes involved in inflammation. TREM2 signals through the ITAM of DAP12 to activate microglial phagocytosis; however, TREM2 expression has also been shown to dampen pro-inflammatory cytokine production activated by TLRs. Activated CD33 recruits SHP-1 and SHP-2 to inhibit Syk signaling; CD33 has also been shown to antagonize CD14/TLR4 signaling. Sialylated apoE, which complexes with Aβ, may serve as a CD33 ligand. ApoE appears to dampen TLR4 and TLR2 signaling and inhibit induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. SHIP1 antagonizes PI3K action by converting PIP3 to PIP2; SHIP1 has also been shown to bind to and antagonize TREM2 /DAP12 signaling in osteoclasts. SHIP1 also complexes with CD2AP, another AD-implicated protein, to inhibit Syk ubiquitination and degradation. CR1 is a C3b/C4b receptor that promotes phagocytosis; complement components have been shown to complex with Aβ. ABCA7 has been localized to phagocytic cups and linked to Aβ clearance, although its mechanism of action is currently unknown. Proteins encoded by genes associated with AD risk by genetics are shown with solid outlines; proteins that mediate these interactions are shown with dashed outlines
Fig. 1 Several interactions have been reported between the AD risk genes involved in inflammation. TREM2 signals through the ITAM of DAP12 to activate microglial phagocytosis; however, TREM2 expression has also been shown to dampen pro-inflammatory cytokine production activated by TLRs. Activated CD33 recruits SHP-1 and SHP-2 to inhibit Syk signaling; CD33 has also been shown to antagonize CD14/TLR4 signaling. Sialylated apoE, which complexes with Aβ, may serve as a CD33 ligand. ApoE appears to dampen TLR4 and TLR2 signaling and inhibit induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. SHIP1 antagonizes PI3K action by converting PIP3 to PIP2; SHIP1 has also been shown to bind to and antagonize TREM2 /DAP12 signaling in osteoclasts. SHIP1 also complexes with CD2AP, another AD-implicated protein, to inhibit Syk ubiquitination and degradation. CR1 is a C3b/C4b receptor that promotes phagocytosis; complement components have been shown to complex with Aβ. ABCA7 has been localized to phagocytic cups and linked to Aβ clearance, although its mechanism of action is currently unknown. Proteins encoded by genes associated with AD risk by genetics are shown with solid outlines; proteins that mediate these interactions are shown with dashed outlinesCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Microglial activation can be neuroprotective and/or neurotoxic; the actions of AD risk proteins modulate these effects. The normal actions of CD33 and SHIP1 (encoded by INPP5D) appear to antagonize both forms of microglial activation, while CR1 action appears to promote both Aβ phagocytosis and the production of neurotoxic pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF. TREM2 appears to promote phagocytosis while dampening pro-inflammatory cytokine production. ABCA7 helps to mediate phagocytosis. APOE2 and APOE3 are anti-inflammatory, while APOE4 promotes inflammation and neurotoxicity
Fig. 2 Microglial activation can be neuroprotective and/or neurotoxic; the actions of AD risk proteins modulate these effects. The normal actions of CD33 and SHIP1 (encoded by INPP5D) appear to antagonize both forms of microglial activation, while CR1 action appears to promote both Aβ phagocytosis and the production of neurotoxic pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF. TREM2 appears to promote phagocytosis while dampening pro-inflammatory cytokine production. ABCA7 helps to mediate phagocytosis. APOE2 and APOE3 are anti-inflammatory, while APOE4 promotes inflammation and neurotoxicityCC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 151 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Guerreiro R, Hardy J. TREM2 and neurodegenerative disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1569–70.
  2. Bird TD. TREM2 and neurodegenerative disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1568.
  3. Rajagopalan P, Hibar DP, Thompson PM. TREM2 and neurodegenerative disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1565–7.
  4. Bertram L, Parrado AR, Tanzi RE. TREM2 and neurodegenerative disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1565.
  5. Jonsson T, Stefansson K. TREM2 and neurodegenerative disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1568–9.
  6. Guerreiro R, Wojtas A, Bras J, Carrasquillo M, Rogaeva E, Majounie E, et al. TREM2 variants in Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:117–27. · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 101–161 of 161

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Malik, M., Parikh, I., Vasquez, J. B., Smith, C., Tai, L., Bu, G., LaDu, M. J., Fardo, D. W., Rebeck, G. W., & Estus, S.
Affiliations
  • University of Kentucky (US)
  • University of Illinois Chicago (US)
  • Mayo Clinic (US)
  • Georgetown University Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author
Estus, Steven
ORCID
Venue
Molecular Neurodegeneration
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2015-10-05
Volume
10
Issue
1
Pages
52-52
ISSN
1750-1326 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s13024-015-0048-1
PMC
PMC4595327
OpenAlex
W2119581346
Cited by
161
References
151
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 1
FWCI
1.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecular Neurodegeneration (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • National Institute on Aging (R01AG045775, K25AG043546, P01AG030128, R21AG048498, R21 AG044682, R21AG051233)
  • BrightFocus Foundation (A2014210S)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease, microglial inflammation, genetic risk factors, TREM2, CD33, complement receptor 1, ABCA7, SHIP1, apolipoprotein E, microglial function, neuroinflammation, pathogenesis
MeSH terms
Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Humans, Inflammation, Risk Factors, Microglia, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review