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Cited by 548

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 117 of the 117 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Next generation of immune checkpoint inhibitors and beyond

Open access
Marin-Acevedo, Julian A., Kimbrough, ErinMarie O., Lou, Yanyan·2021·Journal of Hematology & Oncology
DOI 10.1186/s13045-021-01056-8
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Abstract

The immune system is the core defense against cancer development and progression. Failure of the immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer. Tumor cells evade immune recognition, in part, due to the immunosuppressive features of the tumor microenvironment. Immunotherapy augments the host immune system to generate an antitumor effect. Immune checkpoints are pathways with inhibitory or stimulatory features that maintain self-tolerance and assist with immune response. The most well-described checkpoints are inhibitory in nature and include the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1). Molecules that block these pathways to enhance the host immunologic activity against tumors have been developed and become standard of care in the treatment of many malignancies. Only a small percentage of patients have meaningful responses to these treatments, however. New pathways and molecules are being explored in an attempt to improve responses and application of immune checkpoint inhibition therapy. In this review, we aim to elucidate these novel immune inhibitory pathways, potential therapeutic molecules that are under development, and outline particular advantages and challenges with the use of each one of them.

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Metadata

Authors
Marin-Acevedo, J. A., Kimbrough, E. O., & Lou, Y.
Venue
Journal of Hematology & Oncology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2021-03-19
Volume
14
Issue
1
Pages
45-45
ISSN
1756-8722 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s13045-021-01056-8
OpenAlex
W3138556548
Cited by
548
References
117
FWCI
35.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
gold
Licence

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Next generation of immune checkpoint inhibitors and beyond. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1186/s13045-021-01056-8
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Marin-Acevedo, J. A., Kimbrough, E. O., & Lou, Y. (2021). Next generation of immune checkpoint inhibitors and beyond. Journal of Hematology & Oncology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-021-01056-8

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