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Microalgae for the production of lipid and carotenoids: a review with focus on stress regulation and adaptation
Open accessAbstract
Microalgae have drawn great attention as promising sustainable source of lipids and carotenoids. Their lipid and carotenoids accumulation machinery can be trigged by the stress conditions such as nutrient limitation or exposure to the damaging physical factors. However, stressful conditions often adversely affect microalgal growth and cause oxidative damage to the cells, which can eventually reduce the yield of the desired products. To overcome these limitations, two-stage cultivation strategies and supplementation of growth-promoting agents have traditionally been utilized, but developing new highly adapted strains is theoretically the simplest strategy. In addition to genetic engineering, adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) is frequently used to develop beneficial phenotypes in industrial microorganisms during long-term selection under specific stress conditions. In recent years, many studies have gradually introduced ALE as a powerful tool to improve the biological properties of microalgae, especially for improving the production of lipid and carotenoids. In this review, strategies for the manipulation of stress in microalgal lipids and carotenoids production are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, this review summarizes the overall state of ALE technology, including available selection pressures, methods, and their applications in microalgae for the improved production of lipids and carotenoids.
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![Fig. 3 Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) can be performed in the laboratory using three broad approaches. A Serial transfer can be performed in shake flasks with liquid medium where nutrients will not be limited, and an aliquot of the culture is transferred to a new flask with fresh medium for an additional round of growth at regular intervals. B Colony transfer is similar to serial transfer, but is performed on plates with solid medium. C A chemostat comprises a culture vessel in which the population grows under continuous agitation and aeration. Fresh medium is added into the vessel at a defined rate and culture broth is harvested continuously during the process. The figures a, b, and c illustrate the number of cells that grew during ALE the processes shown in A, B, and C, respectively (This figure was modified from Jeong et al. [112])](/paper-figures/24da2d4a03954c249813c12a5ef52ed2/microalgae-for-the-production-of-lipid-and-carotenoids-a-review-with-focus-on-figure-3.jpg)
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“Under stresscondition, microalgae can produce an abundance of valueadded products such as lipids [5].”
From Microalgae Lipids Detection and Quantification Method Towards Online Real-Time Monitoring: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
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Cited by
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Adaptive laboratory evolution principles and applications in industrial biotechnology
Mavrommati, M., Daskalaki, A., Papanikolaou, S., & Aggelis, G. (2021) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107795 · Cited by 272
Ammonium Utilization in Microalgae: A Sustainable Method for Wastewater Treatment
Salbitani, G., & Carfagna, S. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13020956 · Cited by 245
Algal cellulose, production and potential use in plastics: Challenges and opportunities
Zanchetta, E., Damergi, E., Patel, B., Borgmeyer, T., Pick, H. M., Pulgarin, A., & Ludwig, C. D. R. (2021) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2021.102288 · Cited by 234
Dayana Priyadharshini, S., Suresh Babu, P., Manikandan, S., Subbaiya, R., Govarthanan, M., & Karmegam, N. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117989 · Cited by 232
Two-stage cultivation of microalgae for production of high-value compounds and biofuels: A review
Liyanaarachchi, V. C., Premaratne, M., Ariyadasa, T. U., Nimarshana, P. H. V., & Malik, A. (2021) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2021.102353 · Cited by 231
Metadata
- Authors
- Sun, X.-M., Ren, L.-J., Zhao, Q.-Y., Ji, X.-J., & Huang, H.
- Affiliations
- Nanjing Tech University (CN)
- Venue
- Biotechnology for Biofuels
- Published
- 2018-10-04
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 272-272
- ISSN
- 1754-6834 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6171298
- OpenAlex
- W2895529302
- Cited by
- 470
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 29
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biotechnology for Biofuels (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Government of Jiangsu Province (XTE1829)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (XTC1810, XTE1829)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Keywords
- microalgae, lipid production, carotenoid production, stress adaptation, adaptive laboratory evolution, oxidative stress, nutrient limitation, two-stage cultivation, genetic engineering, selection pressure, industrial microorganisms
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