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Recent advances on Dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Europe
Open accessAbstract
Dirofilaria repens is a nematode affecting domestic and wild canids, transmitted by several species of mosquitoes. It usually causes a non-pathogenic subcutaneous infection in dogs and is the principal agent of human dirofilariosis in the Old World. In the last decades, D. repens has increased in prevalence in areas where it has already been reported and its distribution range has expanded into new areas of Europe, representing a paradigmatic example of an emergent pathogen. Despite its emergence and zoonotic impact, D. repens has received less attention by scientists compared to Dirofilaria immitis. In this review we report the recent advances of D. repens infection in dogs and humans, and transmission by vectors, and discuss possible factors that influence the spread and increase of this zoonotic parasite in Europe. There is evidence that D. repens has spread faster than D. immitis from the endemic areas of southern Europe to northern Europe. Climate change affecting mosquito vectors and the facilitation of pet travel seem to have contributed to this expansion; however, in the authors' opinion, the major factor is likely the rate of undiagnosed dogs continuing to perpetuate the life-cycle of D. repens. Many infected dogs remain undetected due to the subclinical nature of the disease, the lack of rapid and reliable diagnostic tools and the poor knowledge and still low awareness of D. repens in non-endemic areas. Improved diagnostic tools are warranted to bring D. repens diagnosis to the state of D. immitis diagnosis, as well as improved screening of imported dogs and promotion of preventative measures among veterinarians and dog owners. For vector-borne diseases involving pets, veterinarians play a significant role in prevention and should be more aware of their responsibility in reducing the impact of the zoonotic agents. In addition, they should enhance multisectorial collaboration with medical entomologists and the public health experts, under the concept and the actions of One Health-One Medicine.
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“In Serbia, humidity and temperature conditions during a large proportion of the year allow for the transmission of dirofilariasis, with seroepidemiological data revealing noteworthy prevalence rates in the country's dog populations and human clinical cases caused by both D. immitis and D. repens (1, 3, 24).”
From Seroepidemiological Study of Canine and Human Dirofilariasis in the Endemic Region of Northern Serbia (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Dirofilariasis is on the rise in the European population of dogs and humans (1, 3, 11, 12).”
From Seroepidemiological Study of Canine and Human Dirofilariasis in the Endemic Region of Northern Serbia (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“A possible explanation for the difference in diagnostic methods used between the two filarial species would be the lack of a rapid screening system designed specifically for D. repens, as there exists for D. immitis and other common travel diseases (Capelli et al. 2018).”
From Current trends in canine dirofilariosis in Austria-do we face a pre-endemic status? (2020) · cites this paper as Capelli et al. 2018
In the citing paper
“It also appears that D. immitis is establishing itself more slowly in areas where D. repens is already present (Genchi et al. 2005; Capelli et al. 2018).”
From Current trends in canine dirofilariosis in Austria-do we face a pre-endemic status? (2020) · cites this paper as Capelli et al. 2018
In the citing paper
“D repens is currently considered an emerging zoonotic agent in Europe.”
From Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
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Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Capelli, G., Genchi, C., Baneth, G., Bourdeau, P., Brianti, E., Cardoso, L., Danesi, P., Fuehrer, H.-P., Giannelli, A., Ionică, A. M., Maia, C., Modrý, D., Montarsi, F., Krücken, J., Papadopoulos, E., Petrić, D., Pfeffer, M., Savić, S., Otranto, D., Poppert, S., & Silaghi, C.
- Affiliations
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IT)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (FR)
- University of Messina (IT)
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (AT)
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca (RO)
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa (PT)
- University of Veterinary Sciences Brno (CZ)
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- University of Novi Sad (RS)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad" (RS)
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (CH)
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Capelli, Gioia
- ORCID
- Venue
- Parasites & Vectors
- Published
- 2018-12
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 663-663
- ISSN
- 1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6299983
- OpenAlex
- W2905090683
- Cited by
- 298
- References
- 268
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 3.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel) (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver (cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- edoc (University of Basel)
- Funders
- Regione del Veneto
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Helminth infection and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Keywords
- Dirofilaria repens, canine dirofilariasis, zoonotic nematodes, emerging pathogens, geographic range expansion, mosquito vectors, climate change, imported dogs, asymptomatic infection, diagnostic tools, One Health, Dirofilaria immitis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dirofilariasis, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Europe, Humans, Insect Vectors, Culicidae, Dirofilaria repens
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