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Cited by 336Parasitic Diseases Research and TreatmentHelminth infection and controlVector-borne infectious diseases

Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe

Open access
Otranto, Domenico, Dantas-Torres, Filipe, Brianti, Emanuele, Traversa, Donato, Petrić, Dusan, Genchi, Claudio, Capelli, Gioia·2013·Parasites & Vectors
DOI 10.1186/1756-3305-6-16PMC PMC3564894
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Abstract

Presently, 45% of the total human population of Europe, as well as their domestic and companion animals, are exposed to the risk of vector-borne helminths (VBH) causing diseases. A plethora of intrinsic biological and extrinsic factors affect the relationship among helminths, vectors and animal hosts, in a constantly changing environment. Although canine dirofilarioses by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens are key examples of the success of VBH spreading into non-endemic areas, another example is represented by Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm, an emergent pathogen of dogs, cats and humans in several regions of Europe. The recent finding of Onchocerca lupi causing canine and human infestation in Europe and overseas renders the picture of VBH even more complicated. Similarly, tick-transmitted filarioids of the genus Cercopithifilaria infesting the skin of dogs were recently shown to be widespread in Europe. Although for most of the VBH above there is an increasing accumulation of research data on their distribution at national level, the overall impact of the diseases they cause in dogs and humans is not fully recognised in many aspects. This review investigates the reasons underlying the increasing trend in distribution of VBH in Europe and discusses the diagnostic and control strategies currently available. In addition, this article provides the authors' opinion on some topics related to VBH that would deserve further scientific investigation.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This narrative review examines vector-borne helminths (VBH) of dogs and humans in Europe, focusing on Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, Thelazia callipaeda, Onchocerca lupi, Cercopithifilaria spp., and Acanthocheilonema spp. It argues that VBH distribution is increasing due to vector spread, environmental change, and host-vector factors, while diagnosis, prevention, and control remain uneven and under-recognized.

Key findings

  • 45% of Europe’s total human population, along with domestic and companion animals, is exposed to the risk of VBH.
  • Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens are key spreading filarioids; adult females develop in 120–180 and 189–259 days, respectively, and main European vectors include Aedimorphus vexans, Culex pipiens pipiens, and Stegomyia albopicta.
  • Thelazia callipaeda is endemic in France, Switzerland, Spain, and Portugal at latitudes between 39° and 46° N; in southern Italy, prevalence reaches about 60% in dogs and 49.3% in foxes, with human cases reported in north-western Italy, south-eastern France, and Spain.
  • Cercopithifilaria sp.1 has been diagnosed in dogs from Spain, Greece, and southern Italy with prevalence rates up to 21.6%, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus has been experimentally demonstrated as its intermediate host; Onchocerca lupi has been found in dogs in southern and Central Europe and the United States, with human cases in Turkey and Tunisia.

Methods

  • Narrative review; no systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or meta-analysis is described.
  • Synthesizes published literature on VBH distribution, vectors, host-vector interactions, human impact, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, and includes the authors’ opinion on research priorities.
  • Includes distribution maps and a table of macrocyclic lactones licensed for prevention of Dirofilaria immitis and/or D. repens in dogs.

Limitations

  • Stated: the overall impact of VBH diseases in dogs and humans is not fully recognized; biological mechanisms behind increased VBH cases remain uncertain; vector roles for many VBH are lacking; some VBH are poorly investigated, and lack of awareness constrains management and control.
  • Stated: human VBH impact in Europe is likely underestimated because physicians may lack awareness of exotic parasites and misidentify cases.
  • Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it provides no primary data, no systematic search or quality appraisal, and its conclusions and future-research opinions are authors’ synthesis.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1756-3305-6-16

Cites

126 of 126 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 138 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Since the beginning of the millennium, many vectors have been introduced into Europe as a consequence of human demographics, international movement of people, smuggling of wildlife, and trade of animals and goods.

    “Since the beginning of the millennium, many vectors have been introduced into Europe as a consequence of human demographics (e.g., the growth of cities), international movement of people (travellers and refugees), the smuggling of wildlife, the trade of animals and goods, such as used tires and ornamental plants [5].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Colwell DD, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D: Vector-borne parasitic zoonoses: emerging scenarios and new perspectives. Vet Parasitol. 2010, 24: 14-21.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Tick-transmitted filarioids of the genus Cercopithifilaria infesting the skin of dogs are widespread in Europe.

    “Similarly, tick-transmitted filarioids of the genus Cercopithifilaria infesting the skin of dogs were recently shown to be widespread in Europe.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Otranto D, Brianti E, Latrofa MS, Annoscia G, Weigl S, Lia RP, Gaglio G, Napoli E, Giannetto S, Papadopoulos E, Mirò G, Dantas-Torres F, Bain O: On a Cercopithifilaria sp. transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus: a neglected, but widespread filarioid of dogs. Parasit Vectors. 2012, 5: 1-10.1186/1756-3305-5-1. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Thelazia callipaeda is an emergent pathogen of dogs, cats and humans in several regions of Europe.

    “another example is represented by Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm, an emergent pathogen of dogs, cats and humans in several regions of Europe.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Colwell DD, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D: Vector-borne parasitic zoonoses: emerging scenarios and new perspectives. Vet Parasitol. 2010, 24: 14-21.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisenone given

    Canine dirofilarioses by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens are key examples of the success of vector-borne helminths spreading into non-endemic areas.

    “Although canine dirofilarioses by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens are key examples of the success of VBH spreading into non-endemic areas, another example is represented by Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm, an emergent pathogen of dogs, cats and humans in several regions of Europe.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1] Otranto D, Eberhard ML: Zoonotic helminths affecting the human eye. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 23: 41- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Genchi C, Kramer LH, Rivasi F: Dirofilarial infections in Europe. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011, 11: 1307-1317. 10.1089/vbz.2010.0247. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [3] Morchón R, Carretón E, González-Miguel J, Mellado-Hernández I: Heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and their vectors in Europe - new distribution trends. Front Physiol. 2012, 3: 196- source

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  • Premisecitation

    Onchocerca lupi causes canine and human infestation in Europe and overseas.

    “The recent finding of Onchocerca lupi causing canine and human infestation in Europe and overseas renders the picture of VBH even more complicated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [22] Egyed Z, Sréter T, Széll Z, Beszteri B, Oravecz , Márialigeti K, Varga I: Morphologic and genetic characterization of Onchocerca lupi infesting dogs. Vet Parasitol. 2001, 102: 309-319. 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00541-6. source

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    • cites [23] Széll Z, Erdélyi I, Sréter T, Albert M, Varga I: Canine ocular onchocercosis in Hungary. Vet Parasitol. 2001, 97: 245-251. 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00397-1. source

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    • cites [24] Komnenou A, Eberhard ML, Kaldrymidou E, Tsalie E, Dessiris A: Subconjunctival filariasis due to Onchocerca sp. in dogs: report of 23 cases in Greece. Vet Ophthalmol. 2002, 5: 119-126. 10.1046/j.1463-5224.2002.00235.x. source

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    • cites [25] Hermosilla A, Hetzel U, Bausch M, Grübl J, Bauer C: First autochthonous case of canine ocular onchocercosis in Germany. Vet Rec. 2005, 154: 450-452. source

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    • cites [26] Sréter-Lancz Z, Széll Z, Sréter T: Molecular genetic comparison of Onchocerca sp. infecting dogs in Europe with other spirurid nematodes including Onchocerca lienalis. Vet Parasitol. 2007, 148: 365-370. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.021. source

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    • cites [27] Faísca P, Morales-Hojas R, Alves M, Gomes J, Botelho M, Melo M, Xufre A: A case of canine ocular onchocercosis in Portugal. Vet Ophthalmol. 2010, 13: 117-121. 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00763.x. source

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    • cites [28] Orihel TC, Ash LR, Holshuh HJ, Santenelli S: Onchocerciasis in a California dog. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1991, 44: 513-517. source

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    • cites [29] Eberhard ML, Ortega Y, Dial S, Schiller CA, Sears AW, Greiner E: Ocular Onchocerca infections in western United States. Vet Parasitol. 2000, 90: 333-338. 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00252-1. source

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    • cites [30] Zarfoss MK, Dubielzig RR, Eberhard ML, Schmidt KS: Canine ocular onchocerciasis in the United States: two new cases and a review of the literature. Vet Ophthalmol. 2005, 8: 51-57. 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00348.x. source

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    • cites [31] Labelle AL, Daniels JB, Dix M, Labelle P: Onchocerca lupi causing ocular disease in two cats. Vet Ophthalmol. 2011, Suppl 1: 105-110. source

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  • May combine two claims. 33
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 7

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A large number of vector-borne helminths are prevalent in Europe, and some are of growing importance due to the significant level of disease they cause in dogs and humans.

    “A large number of vector-borne helminths (VBH) are prevalent in Europe, and some of them are of growing importance due to the significant level of disease they cause in dogs and humans [1-3].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1] Otranto D, Eberhard ML: Zoonotic helminths affecting the human eye. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 23: 41- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Genchi C, Kramer LH, Rivasi F: Dirofilarial infections in Europe. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011, 11: 1307-1317. 10.1089/vbz.2010.0247. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [3] Morchón R, Carretón E, González-Miguel J, Mellado-Hernández I: Heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and their vectors in Europe - new distribution trends. Front Physiol. 2012, 3: 196- source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The spreading process of vector-borne helminths in previously non-endemic geographical areas has been primarily associated with the biology and ecology of the arthropod vectors and their capability to establish transmission cycles, maintaining the infestation in populations of susceptible hosts.

    “Indeed, the spreading process of VBH in previously non-endemic geographical areas has been primarily associated with the biology and ecology of the arthropod vectors and their capability to establish transmission cycles, maintaining the infestation in populations of susceptible hosts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Domestic dogs are excellent reservoirs of filarioids, being able to survive for a long time with a considerable worm burden, to harbour different species of filarioids at the same time, and to provide infectious microfilariae for competent vectors all over their season of activity.

    “For example, domestic dogs are excellent reservoirs of filarioids, being able to survive for a long time with a considerable worm burden, to harbour different species of filarioids at the same time and to provide infectious microfilariae for competent vectors all over their season of activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Over the last two decades, climate conditions have become more suitable for Stegomyia albopicta over Benelux, western Germany and the Balkans, while they have become less suitable over southern Spain.

    “Over the last two decades, climate conditions have become more suitable for the Asian tiger mosquito over Benelux, western Germany and the Balkans, while they have become less suitable over southern Spain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] Caminade C, Medlock JM, Ducheyne E, McIntyre KM, Leach S, Baylis M, Morse AP: Suitability of European climate for the Aedes albopictus: recent trends and future scenarios. J R Soc Interface. 2012, 9: 2708-2717. 10.1098/rsif.2012.0138. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Due to global warming and rising mean temperatures, most European countries will be suitable for Dirofilaria transmission, with a lengthening in the duration of the filarial transmission season.

    “Therefore, it was predicted that, due to global warming and raising of mean temperatures, most of the European countries will be suitable for Dirofilaria transmission, with a lengthening in the duration of the filarial transmission season [7].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Genchi C, Rinaldi L, Mortarino M, Genchi M, Cringoli G: Climate and Dirofilaria infection in Europe. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 163: 286-292. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.026. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Biting midges might be implicated in the transmission of Onchocerca lupi because some Culicoides species are involved in transmission of Onchocerca cervicalis and Onchocerca gutturosa to horses and cattle in Europe.

    “However, in addition biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) feeding on a wide range of hosts (humans, livestock and other mammals, amphibians, and birds) might be implicated in the transmission of O. lupi since some species of Culicoides have been involved in transmission of Onchocerca cervicalis and Onchocerca gutturosa to horses and cattle, respectively, in Europe [55].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55] Crosskey RW: The Natural History of Blackflies. British Museum (Natural History). 1990, John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Human activities have initiated the spread of invasive mosquito species and vector-borne diseases, and ongoing globalization and increases in mean temperature may greatly extend the magnitude of this process.

    “For example, human activities have initiated the spread of invasive mosquito species and vector-borne diseases, and on-going globalization and increases in mean temperature may greatly extend the magnitude of this process [4].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Petrić D, Zgomba M, Bellini R, Becker N: Surveillance of Mosquito Populations: A Key Element to Understanding the Spread of Invasive Vector Species and Vector-Borne Diseases in Europe. Essays on Fundamental and Applied Environmental Topics. Edited by: Mihailović D. 2012, Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 192-224.

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Black flies may play a role in the transmission of Onchocerca lupi in dogs and humans, but no convincing scientific evidence has been produced so far.

    “Black flies may play a role in the transmission of O. lupi in dogs and humans, no convincing scientific evidence in this regard has been produced so far [33].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Papadopoulos E, Petrić D, Ćupina AI, Bain O: Tracking the vector of Onchocerca lupi in a rural area of Greece. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012, 18: 1196-1200. 10.3201/eid1807.AD1807. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Climate change has affected mosquito abundance and seasonal survival in many areas of Europe, greatly impacting the spread of filarial infestation.

    “For example, climate change (e.g., increase in mean temperatures) has affected the mosquito abundance and their seasonal survival in many areas of Europe greatly impacting on the spread of filarial infestation [7].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Genchi C, Rinaldi L, Mortarino M, Genchi M, Cringoli G: Climate and Dirofilaria infection in Europe. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 163: 286-292. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.026. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Suitable environments for the geographic distribution and development of Phortica variegata across Italy and Europe were predicted using GARP, and all recent reports of Thelazia callipaeda fall within the suitable areas indicated by the model.

    “Suitable environments for the geographic distribution and development of P. variegata across Italy and Europe were predicted using a desktop implementation of the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Prediction and all recent reports of T. callipaeda fall within the suitable areas indicated by the model [12,14,15,65].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [12] Ruytoor P, Dean E, Pennant O, Dorchies P, Chermette R, Otranto D, Guillot J: Ocular thelaziosis in dogs. France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010, 16: 1943-1945. 10.3201/eid1612.100872. source

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    • cites [14] Miró G, Montoya A, Hernández L, Dado D, Vázquez MV, Benito M, Villagrasa M, Brianti E, Otranto D: Thelazia callipaeda infection in dogs: a new parasite for Spain. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 27: 148- source

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    • cites [15] Vieira L, Rodrigues FT, Costa A, Diz-Lopes D, Machado J, Coutinho T, Tuna J, Latrofa MS, Cardoso L, Otranto D: First report of canine ocular thelaziosis by Thelazia callipaeda in Portugal. Parasit Vectors. 2012, 21: 124- source

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    • cites [65] Roggero C, Schaffner F, Bächli G, Mathis A, Schnyder M: Survey of Phortica drosophilid flies within and outside of a recently identified transmission area of the eye worm Thelazia callipaeda in Switzerland. Vet Parasitol. 2010, 171: 58-67. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.012. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cercopithifilaria sp.1 has been diagnosed in dogs from Spain, Greece and southern Italy, with prevalence rates reaching up to 21.6%.

    “this filarioid was diagnosed in dogs from Spain, Greece and southern Italy (i.e., Apulia, Basilicata and Sicily regions) (Figure 3), with prevalence rates reaching up to 21.6% [6].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Otranto D, Brianti E, Latrofa MS, Annoscia G, Weigl S, Lia RP, Gaglio G, Napoli E, Giannetto S, Papadopoulos E, Mirò G, Dantas-Torres F, Bain O: On a Cercopithifilaria sp. transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus: a neglected, but widespread filarioid of dogs. Parasit Vectors. 2012, 5: 1-10.1186/1756-3305-5-1. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    All potential indigenous vectors are highly mammophylic and anthropophylic (excluding some members of Anopheles maculipennis complex and Culex theileri) and could increase transmission rate of Dirofilaria immitis.

    “All of the potential indigenous vectors are highly mammophylic and anthropophylic (excluding some members of An. maculipennis complex and Cx. theileri that only occasionally feed on humans) and could increase transmission rate of these filarioids.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Projected increment in temperature will impact on insect vectors through broadening areas of colonization, invasion of new sites, and increased vector capacity.

    “Indeed, projected increment in temperature will impact on insect vectors through broadening areas of colonization, invasion of new sites and, eventually, resulting in physiological changes and increased vector capacity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Similar trends are likely in the future, with an increased risk simulated over northern Europe and slightly decreased risk over southern Europe.

    “Similar trends are likely to be observed in the future, with an increased risk simulated over northern Europe and slightly decreased risk over southern Europe where drier and warmer summers might limit southward expansion of this species [59].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] Caminade C, Medlock JM, Ducheyne E, McIntyre KM, Leach S, Baylis M, Morse AP: Suitability of European climate for the Aedes albopictus: recent trends and future scenarios. J R Soc Interface. 2012, 9: 2708-2717. 10.1098/rsif.2012.0138. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Among filarioids, only Dirofilaria immitis can cause a fatal and severe disease, but presently the majority of dogs harbour a low-medium burden of nematodes and show few symptoms with chronic progression in almost all cases.

    “Indeed, among filarioids only D. immitis can cause a fatal and severe disease, but presently the majority of dogs harbour a low-medium burden of nematodes, and they show a few symptoms with chronic progression in almost all the cases [66].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66] McCall JW, Genchi C, Kramer LH, Guerrero J, Venco L: Heartworm disease in animals and humans. Adv Parasitol. 2008, 66: 193-285. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The dissemination of vector-borne helminths in Europe has been primarily attributed to rapid geographic expansion of their vectors and/or increases in their population density.

    “The dissemination of VBH in Europe has been primarily attributed to rapid geographic expansion of their vectors (e.g., invasive mosquitoes, zoophilic fruit flies) and/or increases in their population density.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [39] Root TL, Price JT, Hall KR, Schneider SH, Rosenzweig C, Pounds JA: Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants. Nature. 2003, 421: 57-60. 10.1038/nature01333. source

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    • cites [40] Khasnis AA, Nettleman MD: Global warming and infectious disease. Arch Med Res. 2005, 36: 689-696. 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.03.041. source

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    • cites [41] Purse BV, Mellor PS, Rogers DJ, Samuel AR, Mertens PP, Baylis M: Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005, 3: 171-181. 10.1038/nrmicro1090. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Warmer climates could favour mosquito breeding and, along with higher air temperatures, shorten their extrinsic incubation periods, as demonstrated for Stegomyia aegypti.

    “since warmer climates could favour mosquito breeding and, along with higher air temperatures, shorten their extrinsic incubation periods as demonstrated for Stegomyia aegypti [Ae. aegypti] [44].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] Wilson N, Lush D, Baker MG: Meteorological and climate change themes at the 2010 International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases. Euro Surveill. 2010, 15: pii=19627- source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    These molecular findings and studies on Phortica variegata indicate a high level of affinity of Thelazia callipaeda for its vector and a low degree of specificity for definitive hosts.

    “These molecular findings and studies on P. variegata indicate a high level of affinity of the nematode for its vector [18,19,85] and low degree of specificity for definitive hosts.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [18] Otranto D, Lia RP, Cantacessi C, Testini G, Troccoli A, Shen JL, Wang ZX: Nematode biology and larval development of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) in the drosophilid intermediate host in Europe and China. Parasitology. 2005, 131: 847-855. 10.1017/S0031182005008395. source

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    • cites [19] Otranto D, Cantacessi C, Testini G, Lia RP: Phortica variegata as an intermediate host of Thelazia callipaeda under natural conditions: evidence for pathogen transmission by a male arthropod vector. Int J Parasitol. 2006, 36: 1167-1173. 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.06.006. source

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    • cites [85] Otranto D, Testini G, Deluca F, Hu M, Shamsi S, Gasser RB: Analysis of genetic variability within Thelazia callipaeda (Nematoda: Thelazioidea) from Europe and Asia by sequencing and mutation scanning of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1. Mol Cell Probes. 2005, 19: 306-313. 10.1016/j.mcp.2005.05.001. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Hulecoeteomyia koreica is colonizing colder environments, therefore increasing the possibility to enlarge the area at risk for dirofilariosis in Europe.

    “This species is colonizing colder environments, therefore increasing the possibility to enlarge the area at risk for dirofilariosis in Europe.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [75] Versteirt V, De Clercq E, Dekoninck W, Damiens D, Ayrinhac A, Jacobs F, Van Bortel W: Mosquito vectors of disease: spatial biodiversity, drivers of change, and risk". Final Report. 2009, Brussels: Belgian Science Policy, 152-(Research Programme Science for a Sustainable Development); available online at http://www.belspo.be/belspo/SSD/science/Reports/FinalReport_MODIRISK%20ML.pdf

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    • cites [76] Capelli G, Drago A, Martini S, Montarsi F, Soppelsa M, Delai N, Ravagnan S, Mazzon L, Schaffner F, Mathis A, Di Luca M, Romi R, Russo F: First report in Italy of the exotic mosquito species Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus, a potential vector of arboviruses and filariae. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 28: 188- source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The occurrence of very high prevalence of thelaziosis by Thelazia callipaeda in foxes (49.3%) and other wild carnivores in some areas of southern Italy where canine thelaziosis is highly prevalent (about 60% of dogs) indicates the status of hyper-endemicity of eyeworm infestation and the primary role foxes play as reservoirs.

    “The occurrence of very high prevalence of thelaziosis by T. callipaeda in foxes (49.3%) as well as in other wild carnivore species (i.e., wolves, beech martens, brown hares, and wild cats) in some areas of southern Italy where canine thelaziosis is highly prevalent (i.e., about 60% of dogs) indicates the status of hyper-endemicity of eyeworm infestation in this area and the primary role foxes play”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Mallia E, DiGeronimo PM, Brianti E, Testini G, Traversa D, Lia RP: Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) in wild animals: report of new host species and ecological implications. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 166: 262-267. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.08.027. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens probably represent the species more frequently reported in humans, where they are detected predominantly in subcutaneous tissues, pulmonary vessels, testicles and also in the central nervous system, causing a range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic to, more rarely, fatal syndromes.

    “Among the zoonotic filarioids, D. immitis and D. repens probably represent the species more frequently reported in humans where they are detected predominantly in the subcutaneous tissues, pulmonary vessels, testicles and also in the central nervous system, causing a range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic to, more rarely, fatal syndromes [1,2,66].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1] Otranto D, Eberhard ML: Zoonotic helminths affecting the human eye. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 23: 41- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Genchi C, Kramer LH, Rivasi F: Dirofilarial infections in Europe. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011, 11: 1307-1317. 10.1089/vbz.2010.0247. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [66] McCall JW, Genchi C, Kramer LH, Guerrero J, Venco L: Heartworm disease in animals and humans. Adv Parasitol. 2008, 66: 193-285. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the same study, Dirofilaria repens was found in Culex pipiens pipiens only, with a rate of infestation of 0.23-0.71%.

    “In the same study, D. repens was found in Cx. p. pipiens only (rate of infestation of 0.23–0.71%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64] Latrofa MS, Montarsi F, Ciocchetta S, Annoscia G, Dantas-Torres F, Ravagnan S, Capelli G, Otranto D: Molecular xenomonitoring of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from north-eastern Italy by real-time PCR coupled with melting curve analysis. Parasit Vectors. 2012, 5: 76-10.1186/1756-3305-5-76. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Cases of human dirofilariosis by Dirofilaria immitis have been recently described in Italy, Greece and Spain, and this trend is at an increase in Europe, most likely paralleling the spread of infestation in dogs in central and north-eastern countries.

    “However, cases of human dirofilariosis by D. immitis have been recently described in Italy, Greece and Spain [89-91] and this trend is at an increase in Europe, most likely paralleling the spread of infestation in dogs in central and north-eastern countries (e.g., south of Switzerland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Serbia and Slovak Republic) [5,7,48-52].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [89] Miliaras D, Meditskou S, Kelekis A, Papachristos I: Human pulmonary Dirofilariasis: one more case in Greece suggests that Dirofilaria is a rather common cause of coin lesions in the lungs in endemic areas of Europe. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2010, 23: 345-348. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [90] Morchón R, Moya I, González-Miguel J, Montoya MN, Simón F: Zoonotic Dirofilaria immitis infections in a province of Northern Spain. Epidemiol Infect. 2010, 138 (3): 380-383. 10.1017/S0950268809990434. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [91] Avellis FO, Kramer LH, Mora P, Bartolino A, Benedetti P, Rivasi F: A case of human conjunctival dirofilariosis by Dirofilaria immitis in Italy. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011, 11: 451-452. 10.1089/vbz.2010.0067. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [5] Colwell DD, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D: Vector-borne parasitic zoonoses: emerging scenarios and new perspectives. Vet Parasitol. 2010, 24: 14-21.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Genchi C, Rinaldi L, Mortarino M, Genchi M, Cringoli G: Climate and Dirofilaria infection in Europe. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 163: 286-292. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.026. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [48] Genchi C, Rinaldi L, Cascone C, Mortasino M, Cringoli G: Is heartworm disease really spreading in Europe?. Vet Parasitol. 2005, 133: 137-148. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.04.009. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [49] Svobodova V, Misonova P: The potential risk of Dirofilaria immitis becoming established in the Czech Republic by imported dogs. Vet Parasitol. 2005, 128: 137-140. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.11.018. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [50] Svobodova Z, Svobodova V, Genchi C, Forejtek P: The first report of autochthonous dirofilariosis in dogs in the Czech Republic. Helminthol. 2006, 43: 242-245. 10.2478/s11687-006-0046-5. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [51] Babal P, Kobzova D, Novak I, Dubinsky P, Jalili N: First case of cutaneous human dirofilariosis in Slovak Republic. Bratisl Lek List. 2008, 109: 486-488.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [52] Tasić A, Rossi L, Tasić S, Miladinović-Tasić N, Ilić T, Dimitrijević S: Survey of canine dirofilariasis in Vojvodina. Serbia. Parasitol Res. 2008, 103: 1297-1302. 10.1007/s00436-008-1132-z. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were found infected by Dirofilaria immitis in Italy, Spain and Bulgaria, with prevalence up to 32% in irrigated areas of Spain.

    “On the contrary, red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were found infected by D. immitis in Italy, Spain and Bulgaria [3], with prevalence up to 32% in irrigated areas of Spain [79].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] Morchón R, Carretón E, González-Miguel J, Mellado-Hernández I: Heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and their vectors in Europe - new distribution trends. Front Physiol. 2012, 3: 196- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [79] Gortazar C, Castillo JA, Lucientes J, Blanco JC, Arriolabengoa A, Calvete C: Factors affecting Dirofilaria immitis prevalence in red foxes in northeastern Spain. J Wildl Dis. 1994, 30: 545-547. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    All these hosts are likely to represent an epi-phenomenon of dog infection, with the exception of red foxes, which may act as a wild reservoir of the infection.

    “All these hosts are likely to represent an epi-phenomenon of dog infection, with the exception of red foxes, which may act as a wild reservoir of the infection.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Stegomyia albopicta is a vector of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens and is active throughout the whole day and year in southern areas, especially in urban habitats.

    “Stegomyia albopicta, a vector of D. immitis[46,73] and of D. repens[74] is active throughout the whole day and year in southern areas, especially in urban habitats.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [46] Cancrini G, Ricci I, Tessarin C, Gabrielli S, Pietrobelli M: Aedes albopictus is a natural vector of Dirofilaria immitis in Italy. Vet Parasitol. 2003, 118: 195-202. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.10.011. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [73] Cancrini G, Scaramozzino P, Gabrielli S, Di Paolo M, Toma L, Romi R: Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens implicated as natural vectors of Dirofilaria repens in central Italy. J Med Entomol. 2007, 44: 1064-1066. 10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[1064:AAACPI]2.0.CO;2. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [74] Cancrini G, Romi R, Gabrielli S, Toma L, Di Paolo M, Scaramozzino P: First finding of Dirofilaria repens in a natural population of Aedes albopictus. Med Vet Entomol. 2003, 17: 448-451. 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2003.00463.x. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    No information is available on the usefulness of any drug as repellents on animals against Phortica variegata.

    “No information is available on the usefulness of any drug as repellents on animals against P. variegata.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The three-dose scheme of melarsomine is indicated for those animals with a relevant risk of pulmonary thromboembolism post-treatment, and this protocol is recommended by the AHS guidelines for the therapy of all infected dogs.

    “Even though the three-dose scheme is indicated for those animals with a relevant risk of pulmonary thromboembolism post-treatment, this protocol is recommend by the AHS guidelines for the therapy of all infected dogs [101].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [101] Nelson CT, McCall JW, Rubin SB, Buzhardt LF, Doiron DW, Graham W, Longhofer SL, Guerrero J, Robertson-Plough C, Paul A: Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs. Vet Parasitol. 2005, 133: 255-266. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The rationale for extending treatment relies on the occurrence of certain mosquito vectors, such as Stegomyia albopicta, which may survive in temperate areas as adults even during winter and, at least, for nine months per year.

    “The rationale for that relies on the occurrence of certain mosquito vectors, such as St. albopicta, which may survive in temperate areas as adults even during winter and, at least, for nine months per year [100].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [100] Romi R, Severini F, Toma L: Cold acclimation and overwintering of female Aedes albopictus in Roma. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2006, 22: 149-151. 10.2987/8756-971X(2006)22[149:CAAOOF]2.0.CO;2. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    Current guidelines on management of Dirofilaria immitis infestation in dogs promoted by ESCCAP and AHS suggest extending treatment to 7-8 months or even the year round.

    “Current guidelines on management of D. immitis infestation in dogs promoted by the European Scientific Counsel on Companion Animal Parasites (ESCCAP) and by the American Heartworm Society (AHS) suggest extending treatment to 7–8 months or even the year round.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [101] Nelson CT, McCall JW, Rubin SB, Buzhardt LF, Doiron DW, Graham W, Longhofer SL, Guerrero J, Robertson-Plough C, Paul A: Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs. Vet Parasitol. 2005, 133: 255-266. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prolonged treatment with macrocyclic lactones does not prevent the onset of cardiopulmonary damage in infected dogs, thus impairing a full clinical recovery.

    “In fact, such prolonged treatment period does not prevent from the onset of cardiopulmonary damage in the infected dogs, thus impairing a full clinical recovery [103,104].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [103] Rawlings CA, Bowman DD, Howerth EW, Stansfield DG, Legg W, Luempert LG: Response of dogs treated with ivermectin or milbemycin starting at various intervals after Dirofilaria immitis infection. Vet Ther. 2001, 2: 193-207.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [104] Venco L, McCall JW, Guerrero J, Genchi C: Efficacy of long-term monthly administration of ivermectin on the progress of naturally acquired heartworm infection in dogs. Vet Parasitol. 2004, 124: 259-268. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.06.024. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Microfilaricide treatment is required to control Dirofilaria repens microfilaria-associated syndromes and to decrease the risk of human and animal infestation in endemic areas.

    “Although other filarioids of dogs, but not D. immitis, are considered less clinically relevant, microfilaricide treatment is required to control D. repens microfilaria-associated syndromes (e.g., cutaneous erythema and ulcerative pruritic lesions) and to decrease the risk of human and animal infestation in endemic areas.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Echocardiography has high sensitivity although it requires high professional expertise while performing the test.

    “Other diagnostic tools may include echocardiography, which has high sensitivity although requiring high professional expertise while performing the test [125].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [125] Venco L, Genchi M, Genchi C, Gatti D, Kramer L: Can heartworm prevalence in dogs be used as provisional data for assessing the prevalence of the infection in cats?. Vet Parasitol. 2011, 176: 300-303. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.013. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ribosomal or mitochondrial DNA sequence fragments of D. immitis, D. repens and A. reconditum may be amplified and analysed with restriction fragment length polymorphism, specific PCR amplifications or primers yielding species-specific amplicons, and their usefulness has been demonstrated in epidemiological and clinical studies.

    “Ribosomal or mitochondrial DNA sequence fragments of D. immitis, D. repens and A. reconditum may be amplified and analysed with a restriction fragment length polymorphism, specific PCR amplifications or with primers yielding species-specific amplicons [126,127] and their usefulness has been demonstrated in epidemiological and clinical studies [112,128,129].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [126] Casiraghi M, Mazzocchi C, Mortarino M, Ottina E, Genchi C: A simple molecular method for discrimination common filarial nematodes of dogs (Canis familiaris). Vet Parasitol. 2006, 141: 368-372. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.006. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [127] Rishniw M, Barr SC, Simpson KW, Frongillo MF, Franz M, Dominguez Alpizar JL: Discrimination between six species of canine microfilariae by a single polymerase chain reaction. Vet Parasitol. 2006, 135: 303-314. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.013. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [112] Traversa D, Aste G, Milillo P, Capelli G, Pampurini F, Tunesi C, Santori D, Paoletti B, Boari A: Autochthonous foci of canine and feline infections by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in central Italy. Vet Parasitol. 2010, 169: 128-132. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.12.034. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [128] Oh HW, Jun HK, You MJ, Hayasaki M, Song KH: Ectopic migration of an adult heartworm in a dog with dirofilariasis (case report). Korean J Parasitol. 2008, 46: 171-173. 10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.171. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [129] Megat Abd Rani PA, Irwin PJ, Gatne M, Coleman GT, McInnes LM, Traub RJ: A survey of canine filarial diseases of veterinary and public health significance in India. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 30-10.1186/1756-3305-3-30. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Microfilariae of D. immitis are 260-340 mm in length and 5-7.5 mm in width; those of D. repens are 325-380 × 5-8 mm; and those of A. reconditum are 240-290 × 4.5-5.5 mm.

    “Indeed, microfilariae of D. immitis are 260–340 mm in length and 5–7.5 mm in width, while those of D. repens are longer and slightly wider (325–380 × 5–8 mm) and those of A. reconditum are smaller and thinner (240–290 × 4.5–5.5 mm) [123,124].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [123] Sloss MW, Kemp RL, Zajac AM: Veterinary Clinical Parasitology. 1994, Iowa, USA: University Press

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [124] Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL: Veterinary Parasitology. 2007, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Some microfilaraemic animals may score negative at antigen tests for low worm burden or for persistence of microfilariae after death of adult worms.

    “However, some microfilaraemic animals may score negative at these tests for the low worm burden or for the persistence of microfilariae after the death of adult worms [66,112,113].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [66] McCall JW, Genchi C, Kramer LH, Guerrero J, Venco L: Heartworm disease in animals and humans. Adv Parasitol. 2008, 66: 193-285. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [112] Traversa D, Aste G, Milillo P, Capelli G, Pampurini F, Tunesi C, Santori D, Paoletti B, Boari A: Autochthonous foci of canine and feline infections by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in central Italy. Vet Parasitol. 2010, 169: 128-132. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.12.034. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [113] Traversa D, Aste G, Di Cesare A, Paoletti B, Di Tommaso M, Di Giulio E, Pampurini F, Tunesi C, Boari A: Efficacy of a single administration of a spot-on solution containing imidacloprid 10%/moxidectin 2.5% in eliminating Dirofilaria repens microfilariae in naturally infected dogs. Vet Parasitol. 2011, 179: 107-112. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.02.018. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The economic crisis and subsequent population movements from southern to central and northern European areas may render it difficult to afford effective therapeutic treatments and a correct management of the environment, towards reduction of arthropod vector breeding sites.

    “Under the above circumstances, the economic crisis and the subsequent population movements from southern to central and northern European areas may render it difficult to afford effective therapeutic treatments and a correct management of the environment, towards the reduction of arthropod vector breeding sites.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The introduction and establishment of new and exotic vectors may alter the vector-borne helminth scenario in a manner that may not be easily foreseeable.

    “Indeed public health authorities should be concerned about the potential risk of introduction and establishment of new and exotic vectors, which may alter the VBH scenario in a manner that may not be easily foreseeable.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
38 of 38

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The overall impact of the diseases caused by vector-borne helminths in dogs and humans is not fully recognised in many aspects.

    “Although for most of the VBH above there is an increasing accumulation of research data on their distribution at national level, the overall impact of the diseases they cause in dogs and humans is not fully recognised in many aspects.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The availability of suitable hosts for a given vector-borne helminth and the vector’s feeding behaviour are among the most important factors impacting on vector-borne helminth distribution.

    “The availability of suitable hosts for a given VBH and the vector’s feeding behaviour are among the most important factors impacting on VBH distribution.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No specific pharmacological treatments have been reported for O. lupi infestation in dogs.

    “No specific pharmacological treatments have been reported yet for O. lupi infestation in dogs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No similar antigen tests are available for filarioids other than D. immitis.

    “No similar tests are available for the other filarioids.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The biological mechanisms behind the increased number of cases of vector-borne helminths in Europe remain uncertain and research on the role played by insect vectors for many of them is lacking.

    “The biological mechanisms behind the increased number of cases of VBH in Europe remain uncertain and research on the role played by insect vectors for many of them is lacking.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The number of cases of vector-borne helminths in Europe is increasing.

    “The increasing trend of VBH in Europe”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Some vector-borne helminths are relatively poorly investigated.

    “some VBH are relatively poorly investigated”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Heartworm disease is an endemic disease that is continuously expanding in the European continent from the southern countries to the centre and north.

    “Heartworm disease is an endemic disease that is continuously expanding in the European continent from the southern countries, traditionally endemic, to the centre and north of the continent”

    From Expansion of canine heartworm in Spain (2022) · cites this paper as [6]

  • From 2011, heartworm disease was considered an endemic reality in eastern and central Europe, having spread from southern countries in a short period.

    “From 2011, heartworm disease was considered an endemic reality in eastern and central Europe, where it had spread from southern countries in a short period of time [1,9].”

    From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [9]

  • In Italy, epidemiological reports previously indicated that canine heartworm prevalence in the north was decreasing while in the centre and south it was increasing, with autochthonous cases appearing in previously non-endemic areas.

    “Previously, epidemiological reports indicated that prevalence in the north of the country was decreasing while in the centre and south of the country, it was increasing, and even regions with autochthonous cases were appearing in previously non-endemic areas [2,9,25,26,27,28].”

    From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [9]

  • In France, recent data show presence of canine heartworm in the centre of the country, with prevalence rates between 29.41-35.2%.

    “In France, while until 2011 no indication of expansion from the south, traditionally endemic, was published, there are recent data showing presence of canine heartworm in the centre of the country, with prevalence rates between 29.41–35.2% [9,42,43].”

    From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [9]

  • Until 10 years ago, in Slovakia and Hungary, reports of D. immitis were based on isolated or imported cases, but recent studies demonstrated the endemic status of these countries.

    “Until 10 years ago, in Slovakia and Hungary, reports of D. immitis were based on isolated or imported cases [2,4,9]. However, recent studies demonstrated the endemic status of these countries.”

    From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [9]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 128 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Petrić D, Zgomba M, Bellini R, Becker N: Surveillance of Mosquito Populations: A Key Element to Understanding the Spread of Invasive Vector Species and Vector-Borne Diseases in Europe. Essays on Fundamental and Applied Environmental Topics. Edited by: Mihailović D. 2012, Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 192-224.
  2. Bain O, Uni S, Takaoka H: A synthetic look at a twenty years old taxon, Cercopithifilaria its probable evolution. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Parasitology (ICOPA):. 2002, Vancouver
  3. Sabatini A, Raineri V, Trovato G, Coluzzi M: Aedes albopictus in Italia e possibile diffusione della specie nell’area del mediterraneo. Parassitologia. 1990, 32: 301-304.
  4. Ignjatovic Cupina A, Petric D, Papadopoulos E, Ptochos S, Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Mutafchiev J, Bain O: Notes on blackfly fauna in Western Thrace (northeastern Greece). Тhe British Simuliid Group Bulletin. in press
  5. Genchi C, Di Sacco B, Cancrini G: Epizootiology of canine and feline heartworm infection in northern Italy: possible mosquito vectors. Proceedings of heartworm Symposium. 1992
  6. Versteirt V, De Clercq E, Dekoninck W, Damiens D, Ayrinhac A, Jacobs F, Van Bortel W: Mosquito vectors of disease: spatial biodiversity, drivers of change, and risk". Final Report. 2009, Brussels: Belgian Science Policy, 152-(Research Programme Science for a Sustainable Development); available online at http://www.belspo.be/belspo/SSD/science/Reports/FinalReport_MODIRISK%20ML.pdf
  7. Kirkova Z, Ivanov A, Georgieva D: Dirofilariosis in dogs and wild carnivores in Bulgaria. Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in Dog and Cat and Human Infections. Edited by: Genchi C, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G. 2007
  8. Atkins C, Miller MW: Is there a better way to administer heartworm adulticidal therapy?. Vet Med. 2003, 98: 310-317.
  9. Rossi L, Peruccio C: Thelaziosi oculare nel Cane: aspetti clinici e terapeutici. Veterinaria. 1989, B: 47-50.

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Otranto, D., Dantas-Torres, F., Brianti, E., Traversa, D., Petrić, D., Genchi, C., & Capelli, G.
Affiliations
  • University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
  • University of Messina (IT)
  • University of Teramo (IT)
  • University of Milan (IT)
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IT)
Corresponding author
Otranto, Domenico
ORCID
Venue
Parasites & Vectors
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2013-01-16
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
16-16
ISSN
1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1756-3305-6-16
PMC
PMC3564894
OpenAlex
W2163390948
Cited by
336
References
128
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 19
FWCI
4.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • UniTERAMO Research Catalog (University of Teramo) (submittedVersion)
  • CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
Keywords
dogs, human, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, Thelazia callipaeda, Onchocerca lupi, emerging pathogens, helminth distribution, diagnostic approach, helminth control, zoonoses, Europe
MeSH terms
Animals, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Europe, Helminthiasis, Humans, Insect Vectors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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