IGF-1 treatment causes unique transcriptional response in neurons from individuals with idiopathic autism
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Research evidence accumulated in the past years in both rodent and human models for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have established insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) as one of the most promising ASD therapeutic interventions to date. ASD is phenotypically and etiologically heterogeneous, making it challenging to uncover the underlying genetic and cellular pathophysiology of the condition; and to efficiently design drugs with widespread clinical benefits. While IGF-1 effects have been comprehensively studied in the literature, how IGF-1 activity may lead to therapeutic recovery in the ASD context is still largely unknown. METHODS: In this study, we used a previously characterized neuronal population derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from neurotypical controls and idiopathic ASD individuals to study the transcriptional signature of acutely and chronically IGF-1-treated cells. RESULTS: We present a comprehensive list of differentially regulated genes and molecular interactions resulting from IGF-1 exposure in developing neurons from controls and ASD individuals. Our results indicate that IGF-1 treatment has a different impact on neurons from ASD patients compared to controls. Response to IGF-1 treatment in neurons derived from ASD patients was heterogeneous and correlated with IGF-1 receptor expression, indicating that IGF-1 response may have responder and non-responder distinctions across cohorts of ASD patients. Our results suggest that caution should be used when predicting the effect of IGF-1 treatment on ASD patients using neurotypical controls. Instead, IGF-1 response should be studied in the context of ASD patients' neural cells. LIMITATIONS: The limitation of our study is that our cohort of eight sporadic ASD individuals is comorbid with macrocephaly in childhood. Future studies will address weather downstream transcriptional response of IGF-1 is comparable in non-macrocephalic ASD cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: The results presented in this study provide an important resource for researchers in the ASD field and underscore the necessity of using ASD patient lines to explore ASD neuronal-specific responses to drugs such as IGF-1. This study further helps to identify candidate pathways and targets for effective clinical intervention and may help to inform clinical trials in the future.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
IGF1 is considered an emerging treatment for ASD in animal and cellular models.
“Insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is considered an emerging treatment for ASD in animal and cellular models in ASD [133–136].”
From An Update on Psychopharmacological Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [135]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Robinson, M. D., McCarthy, D. J., & Smyth, G. K. (2010) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp616 · Cited by 41,364 · see citing works
WGCNA: an R package for weighted correlation network analysis
Langfelder, P., & Horvath, S. (2008) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-9-559 · Cited by 27,252 · see citing works
Classification and Regression by randomForest
Liaw, A. I., & Wiener, M. C. (2007) · Cited by 18,594 · see citing works
Near-optimal probabilistic RNA-seq quantification
Bray, N. L., Pimentel, H., Melsted, P., & Pachter, L. (2016) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3519 · Cited by 9,723 · see citing works
Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism
Study, T. D., De Rubeis, S., Autism, H. M. C. F., UK10K Consortium, The Autism Sequencing Consortium, He, X., Goldberg, A. P., Poultney, C. S., Samocha, K., Ercument Cicek, A., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13772 · Cited by 2,746 · see citing works
The contribution of de novo coding mutations to autism spectrum disorder
Iossifov, I., O’Roak, B. J., Sanders, S. J., Ronemus, M., Krumm, N., Levy, D., Stessman, H. A., Witherspoon, K. T., Vives, L., Patterson, K. E., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13908 · Cited by 2,585 · see citing works
SolexaQA: at-a-glance quality assessment of Illumina second-generation sequencing data
Cox, M. P., Peterson, D. A., & Biggs, P. J. (2010) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-485 · Cited by 1,357 · see citing works
Marchetto, M. C. N., Carromeu, C., Acab, A., Yu, D., Yeo, G. W., Mu, Y., Chen, G., Gage, F. H., & Muotri, A. R. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.10.016 · Cited by 1,329 · see citing works
Self-citationPSD-95 Involvement in Maturation of Excitatory Synapses
El-Husseini, A. E.-D., Schnell, E., Chetkovich, D. M., Nicoll, R. A., & Bredt, D. S. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5495.1364 · Cited by 1,303 · see citing works
pcaMethods—a bioconductor package providing PCA methods for incomplete data
Stacklies, W., Redestig, H., Scholz, M., Walther, D., & Selbig, J. (2007) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm069 · Cited by 1,156 · see citing works
Convergence of genes and cellular pathways dysregulated in autism spectrum disorders
Pinto, D., Delaby, E., Merico, D., Barbosa, M., Merikangas, A., Klei, L., Thiruvahindrapuram, B., Xu, X., Ziman, R., Wang, Z., et al. (2014) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.03.018 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
Partial reversal of Rett Syndrome-like symptoms in MeCP2 mutant mice
Tropea, D., Giacometti, E., Wilson, N. R., Beard, C., McCurry, C., Fu, D. D., Flannery, R., Jaenisch, R., & Sur, M. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0812394106 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
SHANK3 and IGF1 restore synaptic deficits in neurons from 22q13 deletion syndrome patients
Shcheglovitov, A., Shcheglovitova, O., Yazawa, M., Portmann, T., Shu, R., Sebastiano, V., Krawisz, A., Froehlich, W., Bernstein, J. A., Hallmayer, J. F., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12618 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Altered proliferation and networks in neural cells derived from idiopathic autistic individuals
Marchetto, M. C., Belinson, H., Tian, Y., Freitas, B. C., Fu, C., Vadodaria, K. C., Beltrao-Braga, P. C., Trujillo, C. A., Mendes, A. P. D., Padmanabhan, K., et al. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.95 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Self-citationA de novo convergence of autism genetics and molecular neuroscience
Krumm, N., O’Roak, B. J., Shendure, J., & Eichler, E. E. (2014) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.11.005 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Organization and dynamics of PDZ-domain-related supramodules in the postsynaptic density
Feng, W., & Zhang, M. (2009) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2540 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Dyer, A. H., Vahdatpour, C., Sanfeliu, A., & Tropea, D. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.056 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Rett syndrome: a complex disorder with simple roots
Lyst, M. J., & Bird, A. (2015) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3897 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Bilder, D., Constantino, J. N., Daniels, J., Durkin, M. S., Fitzgerald, R. T., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Pettygrove, S. D., Robinson, C., et al. (2019) · MMWR. Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6802a1 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Lessons learned from studying syndromic autism spectrum disorders
Sztainberg, Y., & Zoghbi, H. Y. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4420 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Functional recovery with recombinant human IGF1 treatment in a mouse model of Rett syndrome
Castro, J., Garcia, R. I., Kwok, S., Banerjee, A., Petravicz, J., Woodson, J., Mellios, N., Tropea, D., & Sur, M. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1311685111 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Khwaja, O., Ho, E., Barnes, K. V., O’Leary, H. M., Pereira, L. M., Finkelstein, Y., Nelson, C. A., Vogel‐Farley, V. K., DeGregorio, G., Holm, I. A., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1311141111 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Acetylcholine Elevation Relieves Cognitive Rigidity and Social Deficiency in a Mouse Model of Autism
Karvat, G., & Kimchi, T. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.274 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Bozdagi, O., Tavassoli, T., & Buxbaum, J. D. (2013) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-4-9 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
The synapsins: beyond the regulation of neurotransmitter release
Ferreira, A., & Rapoport, M. I. (2002) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-002-8451-5 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Dysregulation of the IGF‐I/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in autism spectrum disorders
Chen, J., Alberts, I., & Li, X. (2014) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.03.006 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Autism gene Ube3a and seizures impair sociability by repressing VTA Cbln1
Krishnan, V., Stoppel, D. C., Nong, Y., Johnson, M. A., Nadler, M. J. S., Özkaynak, E., Teng, B. L., Nagakura, I., Mohammad, F., Silva, M. A., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21678 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
A pilot controlled trial of insulin-like growth factor-1 in children with Phelan-McDermid syndrome
Kolevzon, A. L., Bush, L., Wang, A. A., Halpern, D. B., Frank, Y., Grodberg, D., Rapaport, R., Tavassoli, T., Chaplin, W. F., Soorya, L. V., et al. (2014) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-5-54 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Autism-related behavioral abnormalities in synapsin knockout mice
Greco, B., Managò, F., Tucci, V., Kao, H., Valtorta, F., & Benfenati, F. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.015 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Koch, J., Feichtinger, R. G., Freisinger, P., Pies, M., Schrödl, F., Iuso, A., Sperl, W., Mayr, J. A., Prokisch, H., & Haack, T. B. (2016) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103500 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Lee, H., Lin, M., Kornblum, H. I., Papazian, D. M., & Nelson, S. F. (2014) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu056 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Ansel, A., Rosenzweig, J. P., Zisman, P. D., Melamed, M., & Gesundheit, B. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00601 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The Therapeutic Potential of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Central Nervous System Disorders
Costales, J. L., & Kolevzon, A. (2016) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.001 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
NNZ-2566, a novel analog of (1–3) IGF-1, as a potential therapeutic agent for fragile X syndrome
Deacon, R. M. J., Glass, L., Snape, M., Hurley, M. J., Altimiras, F. J., Biekofsky, R. R., & Cogram, P. (2015) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-015-8341-2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Vahdatpour, C., Dyer, A. H., & Tropea, D. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00450 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Handley, M. T., Lian, L., Haynes, L. P., & Burgoyne, R. D. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010534 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
HOXA repression is mediated by nucleoporin Nup93 assisted by its interactors Nup188 and Nup205
Labade, A. S., Karmodiya, K., & Sengupta, K. (2016) · Epigenetics & Chromatin · doi:10.1186/s13072-016-0106-0 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Corvin, A. P., Molinos, I., Little, G., Donohoe, G., Gill, M., Morris, D. W., & Tropea, D. (2012) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.029 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Warrier, V., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Chakrabarti, B. (2013) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-4-48 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lin, M., Cannon, S. C., & Papazian, D. M. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1717082115 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Heat shock protein 90 antibodies in autism
Evers, M. J. A. P., Cunningham‐Rundles, C., & Hollander, E. (2002) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001171 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Changes in insulin‐like growth factor signaling alter phenotypes in Fragile X Mice
Wise, T. L. (2016) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12340 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [26]Marchetto MC, Belinson H, Tian Y, Freitas BC, Fu C, Vadodaria KC, et al. Altered proliferation and networks in neural cells derived from idiopathic autistic individuals. Mol Psychiatry. 2016. PMC5215991 27378147
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An Update on Psychopharmacological Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Aishworiya, R., Valica, T., Hagerman, R., & Restrepo, B. (2022) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-022-01183-1 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Zawadzka, A., Cieślik, M., & Adamczyk, A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222111516 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Protective role of IGF-1 and GLP-1 signaling activation in neurological dysfunctions
Bhalla, S., Mehan, S., Khan, A., & Rehman, M. U. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104896 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Novel treatments for autism spectrum disorder based on genomics and systems biology
Baribeau, D. A., & Anagnostou, E. A. (2021) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107939 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Réthelyi, J., Vincze, K., Schall, D., Glennon, J. C., & Berkel, S. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105330 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Huang, Z., Chen, Y., Guo, H., & Chen, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.630876 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Microglia regulate GABAergic neurogenesis in prenatal human brain through IGF1
Yu, D., Jain, S., Wangzhou, A., Zhu, B., Shao, W., Coley, E. J. L., Florencio, S. L. D., Kim, J. Y., Choi, J. J.-Y., Paredes, M. F., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09362-8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Abruzzo, P. M., Panisi, C., & Marini, M. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10081316 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Mechanistic Links Between Gut Dysbiosis, Insulin Resistance, and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Guevara‐Ramírez, P., Tamayo‐Trujillo, R., Ruiz‐Pozo, V. A., Cadena-Ullauri, S., Paz‐Cruz, E., & Zambrano, A. K. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26136537 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Guerreiro, S. R., & Maciel, P. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12040538 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Berg, E. L., Petkova, S. P., Born, H. A., Adhikari, A., Anderson, A. E., & Silverman, J. L. (2021) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-021-00467-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Yue, S., Wang, Y., & Wang, Z. (2022) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109204 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Southey, B. R., Zhang, P., Keever-Keigher, M. R., Rymut, H. E., Johnson, R. W., Sweedler, J. V., & Rodriguez‐Zas, S. L. (2021) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin.2021.01.332 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
An Update on Psychopharmacological Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Aishworiya, R., Valica, T., Hagerman, R. J., & Restrepo, B. (2024) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.24022006 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Shen, J., Liu, L., Yang, Y., Zhou, M., Xu, S., Zhang, W., & Zhang, C. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.65393 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sekiya, A., Takasawa, K., Arai, Y., Horike, S., Akutsu, H., Umezawa, A., & Nishino, K. (2022) · Regenerative Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.reth.2022.11.007 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Functional Network Mapping Reveals State-Dependent Response to IGF1 Treatment in Rett Syndrome
Keogh, C., Pini, G., Gemo, I., Kaufmann, W. E., & Tropea, D. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10080515 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Interleukin-17A stimulation induces alterations in Microglial microRNA expression profiles
Iitani, Y., Miki, R., Imai, K., Fuma, K., Ushida, T., Tano, S., Yoshida, K., Yokoi, A., Kajiyama, H., & Kotani, T. (2023) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-023-02825-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Tu, G., Jiang, N., Chen, W., Liu, L., Hu, M., & Liao, B. (2024) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2024-0058 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Moon, J. H., Choi, A. L., Noh, H.-J., Song, J. H., Hong, G.-L., Lee, N., Jeong, Y., & Han, S. Y. (2024) · Anatomy & Cell Biology · doi:10.5115/acb.24.117 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Molecular Signatures of Response to Mecasermin in Children With Rett Syndrome
Shovlin, S., Delepine, C., Swanson, L. C., Bach, S., Şahin, M., Sur, M., Kaufmann, W. E., & Tropea, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.868008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The effect of modulation Piezo2 by IGF-1 on tactile hypersensitivity in BTBR model mice
Zhai, J., Hao, H., Xu, Z., Tomoda, A., Zhang, X., Wang, X., Liu, Y., Cao, X., Li, D., Zhang, Y., et al. (2025) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2025.123449 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hormonal disorders in autism spectrum disorders
Abad, S. J. K., Chir, G. K., Heydari, P., Fazilat, A., Moghadam, F. M., & Valilo, M. (2025) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2024-0078 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Converging global crises are forcing the rapid adoption of disruptive changes in drug discovery
Treherne, J. M., & Langley, G. R. (2021) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2021.05.001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Long, J., Liao, X., Han, K., Niu, M., Chen, J., Wang, X., Liu, J., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70052 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Genetic background determines synaptic phenotypes in Arid1b-mutant mice
Kim, H., & Kim, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1341348 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
(2020) · doi:10.31038/igoj.2020332 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Berg, E. L., Petkova, S. P., Born, H. A., Adhikari, A., Anderson, A. E., & Silverman, J. L. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.456299
Signaling pathways that are influenced by SHANK3 mutation and related treatment for autism
Han, Y. (2022) · International Conference on Biomedical and Intelligent Systems (IC-BIS) · doi:10.1117/12.2660544
Perinatal Insulin-Like Growth Factor as a Risk Factor for Autism
Steinman, G., & Mankuta, D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42383-3_9
Berg, E. L., Petkova, S. P., Born, H. A., Adhikari, A., Anderson, A. E., & Silverman, J. L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16625413
- Authors
- Linker, S. B., Mendes, A. P. D., & Marchetto, M. C.
- Affiliations
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
- Corresponding author
- Marchetto, Maria C.
- Venue
- Molecular Autism
- Published
- 2020-06-26
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 55-55
- ISSN
- 2040-2392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7320548
- OpenAlex
- W3037010733
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 2.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Autism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH115426)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- insulin-like growth factor I, autism treatment, IGF-1 receptor, iPSC-derived neurons, differentially regulated genes, macrocephaly
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Humans, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Neurons, Transcription, Genetic, Receptor, IGF Type 1, Gene Expression Profiling, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
