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Cited by 38Antibiotic Use and ResistancePharmacy and Medical PracticesAntibiotic Resistance in Bacteria

Non-prescribed antimicrobial use and associated factors among customers in drug retail outlet in Central Zone of Tigray, northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Open access
Gebrekirstos, Negash Hadera, Workneh, Birhanu Demeke, Gebregiorgis, Yosef Sibhatu, Misgina, Kebede Haile, Weldehaweria, Negassie Berhe, Weldu, Meresa Gebremedhin, Belay, Hailay Siyum·2017·Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control
DOI 10.1186/s13756-017-0227-7PMC PMC5485687
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Non-prescribed antimicrobial use and their resistance are among the main public health problems, worldwide. In Ethiopia, particularly in the northern part, the magnitude of non-prescribed antimicrobial use and its major determinants is not yet well known. Thus, this study was done to assess the magnitude of non-prescribed anti-microbial use and associated factors among customers in drug retail outlet in Central Zone, Tigray, Ethiopia. METHODS: A drug retail outlet based cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged 18 years and above. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select study participants. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire by druggists under the supervision of pharmacists. Data were entered into EpiInfo software version 3.5.4. Binary logistic regression was used to identify independently associated variables in bivariate and multivariable analyses using SPSS version 21. Odds Ratios with 95% confidence intervals were estimated. RESULTS: From 829 study samples, a total of 780 respondents participated in this study with a response rate of 94.1%. Of 367 respondents who received non-prescribed antimicrobial, 249 (67.8%), 121 (33%), and 94 (25.6%) of them were males, secondary school and paid employed respectively. The magnitude of non-prescribed antimicrobial use was 47.1% (95% CI: 43.8, 50.5). The factors which were independently associated with non-prescribed antimicrobial use were male sex [AOR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.21, 2.44], seeking modern health care in private/Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) [AOR =0.47, 95% CI; 0.23, 0.98], moderate waiting time in health care facilities [AOR = 1.92, 95% CI; 1.20, 3.09], delayed waiting time in health care facilities [AOR = 1.56, 95% CI; 1.03, 2.38], ever received antimicrobial [AOR = 3.51, 95% CI; 2.45, 5.02], and frequency of purchasing non-prescribed antimicrobial (1-3 times and 4 times, [AOR = 2.04, 95% CI; 1.36, 3.06] and [AOR = 2.66, 95% CI; 1.24, 5.68] respectively). CONCLUSION: The magnitude of non-prescribed antimicrobial use was high. Familiarizing with health care utilization and delayed waiting time in health care facilities were the very important factors independently associated with non-prescribed antimicrobial use. Emphasis should be given to community education through involvement of the private health sector and health care providers. Regulation and policy enforcement are also necessary to promote the rational use of antimicrobial.

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  • Non-prescription sale of antibiotics is profoundly common practice in LMICs, as demonstrated by the high prevalence of the practice identified in simulated clients and questionnaire-based surveys.

    “The non-prescription sale of antibiotics is profoundly common practice in LMICs as demonstrated by the high prevalence of the practice identified in simulated clients and questionnaire based surveys [16, 17, 22–33].”

    From No prescription? No problem: drivers of non-prescribed sale of antibiotics among community drug retail outlets in low and middle income countries: a systematic review of qualitative studies (2021) · cites this paper as [25]

    The Discussion reports 47.1% non-prescribed antimicrobial use among drug-retail-outlet customers, and the Methods say the study used an interviewer-administered questionnaire. This supports the claim’s questionnaire-survey component, but the paper did not use simulated clients; its measure was antimicrobial use rather than the prevalence of non-prescription antibiotic sales specifically. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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Authors
Gebrekirstos, N. H., Workneh, B. D., Gebregiorgis, Y. S., Misgina, K. H., Weldehaweria, N. B., Weldu, M. G., & Belay, H. S.
Affiliations
  • Wollo University (ET)
  • Aksum University (ET)
Corresponding author
Gebregiorgis, Yosef Sibhatu
ORCID
Venue
Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2017-06-26
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
70-70
ISSN
2047-2994 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s13756-017-0227-7
PMC
PMC5485687
OpenAlex
W2712749625
Cited by
38
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1
FWCI
2.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Aksum University
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacy and Medical Practices
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Keywords
self-medication, antimicrobial resistance, health-seeking behavior, sex differences, Tigray, antimicrobial stewardship, healthcare workers, health insurance coverage

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