Prevalence of self-medication practices and its associated factors in Urban Puducherry, India
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Self medication is an important concern for health authorities at global level. This study was aimed to find the prevalence of self medication for allopathic drugs and associated factors among households of urban community. This study was also aimed at assessing the attitude of respondents who had experienced self-medication. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was done in field practice area attached to a medical institution in urban Puducherry. A total of 352 subjects from 124 households were selected by random sampling. With pretested interview schedule, information regarding self-medication use in the past three months and associated sociodemographic factors, purpose, source of drug procurement, attitude toward self-medication use were collected. RESULTS: Prevalence of self-medication was found to be 11.9%. Males, age >40 years and involving in moderate level activity of occupation, were found to be significantly associated with higher self-medication usage (P < 0.05). Fever (31%), headache (19%), and abdominal pain (16.7%) are most common illnesses where self-medication is being used. Telling the symptoms to pharmacist (38.1%) was the commonest method adopted to procure drugs by the users. Majority of the self-medication users expressed that self-medication is harmless (66.6%) and they are going to use (90%) and advice others also (73.8%) to use self-medication drugs. CONCLUSION: Self-medication is an important health issue in this area. Health education of the public and regulation of pharmacies may help in limiting the self-medication practices.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Social norms discourage seeking medical help for minor ailments and promote the use of traditional remedies passed down through generations.
“Social norms discourage seeking medical help for minor ailments and promote the use of traditional remedies passed down through generations.”
From Prevalence and patterns of self-medication practices in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
The Results (page unavailable) say people self-medicated for mild illnesses partly to avoid the time, expense, and lost wages of visiting a health care provider. The paper does not attribute this choice to social norms or describe traditional remedies passed down through generations; it studies allopathic self-medication. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTime constraints and emergencies prompt people to resort to self-medication for quick relief and convenience.
“Furthermore, time constraints and emergencies prompt people to resort to self-medication for quick relief and convenience.22,23”
From Prevalence and patterns of self-medication practices in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
The Results (Socio demographic characteristics) identify time constraints and saving time and money as reasons for self-medication, supporting the convenience aspect. The provided passages do not identify emergencies or a need for quick relief as reasons. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMany individuals in India prefer self-medication over professional care, believing it to be acceptable and effective.
“Consequently, many individuals prefer self-medication over professional care, believing it to be acceptable and effective.22,23”
From Prevalence and patterns of self-medication practices in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
The Introduction describes self-medication as a common and preferred option in developing countries such as India. In Results (“Attitude toward self-medication”), most self-medication users considered it acceptable when symptoms resembled a previous illness. The study surveyed users in urban Puducherry, however, and did not establish that people across India prefer it because they believe it is effective. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPositive past experiences of managing similar conditions without professional intervention reinforce self-medication behavior.
“Positive past experiences of managing similar conditions without professional intervention also reinforce this behavior.”
From Prevalence and patterns of self-medication practices in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
The Results (Attitude toward self-medication; page unavailable) report that respondents considered self-medication acceptable when symptoms matched a previous illness and intended to use it again. The paper does not report that their past attempts were successful or establish that positive experiences reinforced the behavior; its stated reasons were mild illness, time constraints, and saving money. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCultural beliefs greatly influence how people perceive health and illness, often leading them to view their conditions as minor.
“Cultural beliefs greatly influence how people perceive health and illness, often leading them to view their conditions as minor.”
From Prevalence and patterns of self-medication practices in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
The Results (Socio demographic characteristics; page unavailable) report that respondents cited the mild nature of illness as a reason for self-medication. The paper does not attribute that view to cultural beliefs or examine how cultural beliefs shape perceptions of health and illness. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The easy availability of these OTC medications contributes to their prevalent self-medication practices.
“The easy availability of these OTC medications contributes to their prevalent self-medication practices.22”
From Prevalence and patterns of self-medication practices in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
The Introduction says OTC drugs can be purchased without a prescription, and the Discussion describes how respondents obtained drugs for self-medication. But the Results identify mild illness and time or cost savings as the reported reasons; the paper does not establish that easy availability contributes to the prevalence of self-medication. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Donkor, E. S., Tetteh-Quarcoo, P. B., Nartey, P., & Agyeman, I. O. (2012) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph9103519 · Cited by 225 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The studies on self‐medication practices among medical students showed higher prevalence rates.[15,16] Prevalence of self‐medication could not be compared across different studies due to their varying nature of definitions used, recall period considered for definition, region selected, and methodology adopted.”
BackgroundBanerjee, I., & Bhadury, T. (2012) · Journal of Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.4103/0022-3859.97175 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- [1]Greenhalgh T Drug prescription and self-medication in India: An exploratory survey Soc Sci Med 1987 25 307 18 3629304
- [2]Deshpande SG Tiwari R Self medication: A growing concern Indian J Med Sci 1997 51 93 6 9355716
- [3]Hughes CM McElnay JC Fleming GF Benefits and risks of self medication Drug Saf 2001 24 1027 37 11735659
- [5]Ganguly NK Arora NK Chandy SJ Fairoze MN Gill JP Gupta U Global antibiotic resistance partnership (GARP): India Working Group Rationalizing antibiotic use to limit antibiotic resistance in India Indian J Med Res 2011 134 281 94 21985810 PMC3193708
- [6]Chaturvedi HK Mahanta J Pandey A Treatment-seeking for febrile illness in North-East India: An epidemiological study in the malaria endemic zone Malar J 2009 8 301 20017909 PMC2805688
- [10]Kaushal J Gupta MC Jindal P Verma S Self-medication patterns and drug use behavior in housewives belonging to the middle income group in a city in northern India Indian J Community Med 2012 37 16 9 22529534 PMC3326801
- [12]Lal V Goswami A Anand K Self-medication among residents of urban resettlement colony, New Delhi Indian J Public Health 2007 51 249 51 18232170
- [13]Durgawale PM Practice of self medication among slum-dwellers Indian J Public Health 1998 42 53 5 10389511
- [14]Shankar PR Partha P Shenoy N Self-medication and non-doctor prescription practices in Pokhara valley, Western Nepal: A questionnaire-based study BMC Fam Pract 2002 3 17 12236905 PMC130019
- [17]Wijesinghea PR Jayakodyb RL de A Seneviratnec R Prevalence and predictors of self-medication in a selected urban and rural district of Sri Lanka Who South-East Asia J Public Heal 2012 1 28 41 28612776
- [18]Afolabi AO Factors influencing the pattern of self-medication in an adult Nigerian population Ann Afr Med 2009 7 120 7 19253521
- [20]Yuefeng L Keqin R Xiaowei R Use of and factors associated with self-treatment in China BMC Public Health 2012 12 995 23158841 PMC3534538
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rathod, P., Sharma, S., Ukey, U., Sonpimpale, B., Ughade, S., Narlawar, U., Gaikwad, S., Nair, P., Masram, P., & Pandey, S. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.33917 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Rashid, M., Chhabra, M., Kashyap, A., Undela, K., & Gudi, S. K. (2020) · Current Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/1574884714666191122103953 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Selvaraj 2014 Cross-sectional study 2 months Any medicine Field practisers [19]”
BackgroundKoji, E. M., Gebretekle, G. B., & Tekle, T. A. (2019) · Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control · doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0571-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Gebrekirstos, N. H., Workneh, B. D., Gebregiorgis, Y. S., Misgina, K. H., Weldehaweria, N. B., Weldu, M. G., & Belay, H. S. (2017) · Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control · doi:10.1186/s13756-017-0227-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Prevalence and patterns of self-medication practices in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Chaudhary, V., Kumari, S., Sharma, B., Ahuja, C., Kishore, H., & Pal, B. (2025) · Medical Journal Armed Forces India · doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2024.11.008 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- S, G., Selvaraj, K., & Ramalingam, A.
- Affiliations
- Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IN)
- Venue
- Perspectives in Clinical Research
- Publisher
- Medknow
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 32
- ISSN
- 2229-3485 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3915367
- OpenAlex
- W1972052950
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 13.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- Perspectives in Clinical Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacy and Medical Practices
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Keywords
- self-medication, prevalence, allopathic drugs, associated factors, sociodemographic factors, drug procurement, pharmacist counseling, attitudes toward self-medication, urban households, fever, headache, abdominal pain, Puducherry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review