Posttraumatic stress disorder: from diagnosis to prevention
Open accessAbstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic impairment disorder that occurs after exposure to traumatic events. This disorder can result in a disturbance to individual and family functioning, causing significant medical, financial, and social problems. This study is a selective review of literature aiming to provide a general outlook of the current understanding of PTSD. There are several diagnostic guidelines for PTSD, with the most recent editions of the DSM-5 and ICD-11 being best accepted. Generally, PTSD is diagnosed according to several clusters of symptoms occurring after exposure to extreme stressors. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial, including the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, immune response, or even genetic discrepancy. The morphological alternation of subcortical brain structures may also correlate with PTSD symptoms. Prevention and treatment methods for PTSD vary from psychological interventions to pharmacological medications. Overall, the findings of pertinent studies are difficult to generalize because of heterogeneous patient groups, different traumatic events, diagnostic criteria, and study designs. Future investigations are needed to determine which guideline or inspection method is the best for early diagnosis and which strategies might prevent the development of PTSD.
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Over 80% of PTSD cases involve one or more comorbid disorders such as depression, anxiety, or mild traumatic brain injury.
“A review 5 of the literature revealed that over 80% of PTSD cases involved 1 or more comorbid disorders such as depression, anxiety, or mild traumatic brain injury (TBI).6”
From Linguistic markers for identifying post-traumatic stress disorder and associated symptoms: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [6]
The “Prevalence and importance” section says that more than 80% of PTSD patients have one or more comorbidities and identifies depression and concurrent mild TBI. It does not identify anxiety as a comorbidity; the “Definition and differential diagnosis” section mentions anxiety disorder only as a condition with similar symptoms to distinguish from PTSD. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Miao, X.-R., Chen, Q.-B., Wei, K., Tao, K.-M., & Lu, Z.-J.
- Affiliations
- Second Military Medical University (CN)
- Venue
- Military Medical Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-09-28
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 32-32
- ISSN
- 2054-9369 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6161419
- OpenAlex
- W2890877603
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Military Medical Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81100276, 31371084, 31171013)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD diagnosis, PTSD prevention, PTSD treatment, DSM-5, ICD-11, traumatic events, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, immune response, genetic susceptibility, subcortical structures, psychological intervention, pharmacotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Genetic Testing, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Life Change Events, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, International Classification of Diseases, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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