Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus—Relevance to low and middle income countries

Bhavadharini, B.; Uma, R.; Saravanan, P.; Mohan, V.

doi:10.1186/s40842-016-0031-y

Cited by 75Gestational Diabetes Research and ManagementDiabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus—Relevance to low and middle income countries

Open access

Bhavadharini, B., Uma, R., Saravanan, P., Mohan, V.·2016·Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology

DOI 10.1186/s40842-016-0031-yPMC PMC5471706

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic complications of pregnancy. Ever since the first systematic evaluation of the oral glucose tolerance test by O'Sullivan and colleagues was carried out in 1964, there has been controversy with respect to the optimal screening and diagnostic criteria to detect GDM. The recently proposed International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria for GDM has found fairly widespread acceptance, but it is still debated by several societies. This review intends to provide an overview of the evolution of the screening and diagnostic criteria for GDM. Debatable issues regarding optimal screening strategies, especially in the low resource settings of low and middle income countries are highlighted. The recent Women in India with GDM Strategy (WINGS) project carried out in Chennai, India tried to develop a Model of Care for GDM suitable for resource constrained settings. The findings related to screening and diagnosis of GDM based on WINGS are also highlighted in this review. Based on the WINGS experience we believe that despite the constraints in low and middle income countries at the present time, the IADPSG criteria appears to be the best. This will also help to bring out a uniform criteria for screening and diagnosis of GDM worldwide.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s40842-016-0031-y

Cites

46 of 46 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

In South America, there is a lack of uniform criteria for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus and a lack of population-based incidence studies.
“The problem that exists in South America is a lack of uniform criteria for diagnosing GDM and a lack of population-based incidence studies on the condition.”
From Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century (2022) · cites this paper as [78]
The Background section on South and Central America describes different GDM diagnostic criteria and procedures across countries, supporting the lack of uniform criteria. It does not state that South America lacks population-based incidence studies; the study figure it gives concerns prevalence, not incidence (page unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Paraguay, Suriname, Bolivia, and Venezuela probably adopted the WHO/IADPSG criteria with regional modifications to diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus.
“They probably adopted the WHO/IADPSG criteria with regional modifications to diagnose GDM [78,96].”
From Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century (2022) · cites this paper as [78]
The Background section, “Criteria for GDM diagnosis in South and Central America and Europe” (page unavailable), says some Latin American countries adopted IADPSG criteria and many incorporated local modifications. It does not identify Paraguay, Suriname, Bolivia, or Venezuela as countries that did so; the countries it names are different. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Some Latin American countries have adopted the IADSPG criteria, but many have made locally adapted modifications due to practical problems in a resource-constrained environment.
“Some Latin American countries have adopted the IADSPG criteria, but many of them have made locally adapted modifications due to the practical problems of implementing them in a resource-constrained environment [78].”
From Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century (2022) · cites this paper as [78]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes
(2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0707943 · Cited by 5,563 · see citing works
International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy
International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1848 · Cited by 5,390 · see citing works
Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance.
National Diabetes Data Group (1979) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.28.12.1039 · Cited by 4,909 · see citing works
Comment on: American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2011. Diabetes Care 2011;34(Suppl. 1):S11–S61
Basevi, V., Mario, S. D., Morciano, C., Nonino, F., & Magrini, N. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-0174 · Cited by 3,058 · see citing works
Standards of medical care in diabetes—2011
American Diabetes Association (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-s011 · Cited by 2,880 · see citing works
Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes
Fajans, S. S. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,356 · see citing works
Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes
Carpenter, M. W., & Coustan, D. R. (1982) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(82)90349-0 · Cited by 1,924 · see citing works
International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy
Metzger, B. E., Gabbe, S. G., Persson, B., Lowe, L. P., Dyer, A. R., Oats, J. J. N., & Buchanan, T. A. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-0719 · Cited by 1,888 · see citing works
Acromegaly: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Katznelson, L. J., Laws, E. R., Melmed, S. K., Molitch, M. E., Murad, M. H., Utz, A. L., & Wass, J. A. H. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2700 · Cited by 1,790 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1964) · PubMed · Cited by 1,230 · see citing works
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes
American Diabetes Association (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-s005 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works
The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: A pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care <sup>#</sup>
Hod, M., Kapur, A., Sacks, D. A., Hadar, E., Agarwal, M., Di Renzo, G. C., Roura, L. C., McIntyre, H. D., Morris, J. L., & Divakar, H. (2015) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/s0020-7292(15)30033-3 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
Practice Bulletin No. 137
(2013) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000433006.09219.f1 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Diabetes and Pregnancy: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Blumer, I., Hadar, E., Hadden, D. R., Jovanovič, L., Mestman, J. H., Murad, M. H., & Yogev, Y. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2465 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: a pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care
Hod, M., Kapur, A., Sacks, D. A., Hadar, E., Agarwal, M., Di Renzo, G. C., Roura, L. C., McIntyre, H. D., Morris, J. L., & Divakar, H. (2015) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/s0020-7292(15)30007-2 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: The HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group
The HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group (2008) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/ogx.0b013e318187b7a2 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Evaluation of the value of fasting plasma glucose in the first prenatal visit to diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus in China
Zhu, W.-W., Yang, H.-X., Wei, Y.-M., Yan, J., Wang, Z.-L., Li, X.-L., Wu, H.-R., Li, N., Zhang, M.-H., Liu, X.-H., et al. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-1157 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Introduction of IADPSG Criteria for the Screening and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Results in Improved Pregnancy Outcomes at a Lower Cost in a Large Cohort of Pregnant Women: The St. Carlos Gestational Diabetes Study
Duran, A., Sáenz, S., Torrejón, M. J., Bordiú, E., del Valle, L., Galindo, M., Perez, N., Herraiz, M. A., Izquierdo, N., Rubio, M. A., et al. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-0179 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2013) · PubMed · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Gestational diabetes mellitus in early pregnancy: evidence for poor pregnancy outcomes despite treatment
Sweeting, A. N., Ross, G. P., Hyett, J., Molyneaux, L., Constantino, M., Harding, A. J., & Wong, J. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-0433 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Gestational diabetes mellitus in India.
Seshiah, V., Balaji, V., Balaji, M. S., Sanjeevi, C. B., & Green, A. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: are the criteria proposed by the international association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups cost-effective?
Werner, E. F., Pettker, C. M., Zuckerwise, L., Reel, M., Funai, E. F., Henderson, J., & Thung, S. F. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-1643 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Issues with the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in early pregnancy
McIntyre, H. D., Sacks, D. A., Barbour, L. A., Feig, D. S., Catalano, P. M., Damm, P., & McElduff, A. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-1887 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Gestational diabetes: new criteria may triple the prevalence but effect on outcomes is unclear
Cundy, T., Ackermann, E. W., & Ryan, E. A. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g1567 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Gestational diabetes mellitus screening and diagnosis: a prospective randomised controlled trial comparing costs of one‐step and two‐step methods
Meltzer, S., Snyder, J., Penrod, J., Nudi, M., & Morin, L. M. (2010) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02475.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
A single test procedure to diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus
Anjalakshi, C., Balaji, V., Balaji, M. S., Ashalata, S., Suganthi, S., Arthi, T., Thamizharasi, M., & Seshiah, V. (2008) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-008-0060-9 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: falling through the net
Meek, C. L., Lewis, H. B., Patient, C. J., Murphy, H. R., & Simmons, D. S. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3647-z · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Comparison of screening for gestational diabetes mellitus by oral glucose tolerance tests done in the non-fasting (random) and fasting states
Mohan, V., Mahalakshmi, M. M., Bhavadharini, B., Maheswari, K., Kalaiyarasi, G., Anjana, R. M., Uma, R., Usha, S., Deepa, M., Unnikrishnan, R., et al. (2014) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-014-0660-5 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citation
Gestational diabetes mellitus manifests in all trimesters of pregnancy
Seshiah, V., Balaji, V., Balaji, M. S., Paneerselvam, A., Arthi, T., Thamizharasi, M., & Datta, M. (2007) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2007.01.001 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Correspondence between first-trimester fasting glycaemia, and oral glucose tolerance test in gestational diabetes diagnosis
Corrado, F., D’Anna, R., Cannata, M. L., Interdonato, M. L., Pintaudi, B., & Di Benedetto, A. (2012) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2012.03.006 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Should the fifty-gram, one-hour plasma glucose screening test for gestational diabetes be administered in the fasting or fed state?
Coustan, D. R., Widness, J. A., Carpenter, M. W., Rotondo, L., Pratt, D. C., & Oh, W. (1986) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(86)90744-1 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Bridging regenerative medicine based therapies into the 21st Century: solo or symphony?
Peruzzi, M., Biondi‐Zoccai, G., Frati, L., FALCO, E. D., Chimenti, I., Greco, E., Marullo, A. G. M., Frati, G., & Vitulli, P. (2015) · International Archives of Medicine · doi:10.3823/1680 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Toward universal criteria for gestational diabetes: Relationships between seventy-five and one hundred gram glucose loads and between capillary and venous glucose concentrations
Weiss, P., Haeusler, M. C. H., Kainer, F., Pürstner, P., & Haas, J. G. (1998) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(98)70500-9 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
A proposal for the use of uniform diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes in Europe: an opinion paper by the European Board & College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (EBCOG)
Benhalima, K., Mathieu, C., Damm, P., Van Assche, A., Devlieger, R., Desoye, G., Corcoy, R., Mahmood, T., Nizard, J., Savona-Ventura, C., et al. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3615-7 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Gestational diabetes guidelines in a HAPO world
Leary, J., Pettitt, D. J., & Jovanovič, L. (2010) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2010.05.009 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Use of capillary blood glucose for screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in resource-constrained settings
Bhavadharini, B., Mahalakshmi, M. M., Maheswari, K., Kalaiyarasi, G., Anjana, R. M., Deepa, M., Ranjani, H., Priya, M., Uma, R., Sriram, U., et al. (2015) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-015-0761-9 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citation
Diagnosis of more gestational diabetes lead to better pregnancy outcomes: Comparing the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group criteria, and the Carpenter and Coustan criteria
Wu, E., Nien, F., Kuo, C., Chen, S., Chen, K., Chuang, L., Li, H., & Lee, C. (2016) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.12378 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
How reliable is the fifty-gram, one-hour glucose screening test?
Sacks, D. A., Abu-Fadil, S., Greenspoon, J. S., & Fotheringham, N. (1989) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(89)90370-0 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Rural-Urban Distribution of the Population
(1941) · Population Index · doi:10.2307/3030403 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The implications of the new International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes
Holt, R. I. G., Coleman, M. A., & McCance, D. R. (2011) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03236.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Comparison of DIPSI and IADPSG criteria for diagnosis of GDM: a study in a north Indian tertiary care center
Vij, P., Jha, S., Gupta, S., Aneja, A., Mathur, R., Waghdhare, S., & Panda, M. (2015) · International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/s13410-014-0244-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Women in India with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Strategy (WINGS): Methodology and development of model of care for gestational diabetes mellitus (WINGS 4)
Mohan, V., Kayal, A., Malanda, B., Anjana, R., Bhavadharini, B., Mahalakshmi, M., Maheswari, K., Uma, R., Ranjit Unnikrishnan, I., Kalaiyarasi, G., et al. (2016) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/2230-8210.189230 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citation
Is Non Fasting Glucose Challenge test sensitive enough to diagnose Gestational Diabetes Mellitus?
Herath, M., Weerarathna, T. P., & Umesha, D. (2015) · International Archives of Medicine · doi:10.3823/1692 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Update and Review of Literature
Cheung, K. W., & Wong, S.-N. (2018) · Reproductive System & Sexual Disorders · doi:10.4172/2161-038x.s2-008 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Antenatal care: paradigm changes over the years
Goonewardene, M., & Dias, T. (2013) · Ceylon Medical Journal · doi:10.4038/cmj.v58i2.5678 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Untitled work
Alberti (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9136(199807)15:7

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

[29]Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycemia first detected in pregnancy. World Health Organization 2013, p.63; WHO/ NMH/ MND/ 13.2 http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85975/1/WHO_NMH_MND_13.2_eng.pdf.Accessed on 25 Dec 2015 24199271
[32]Criteria for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes in selected countries of the Americas. Final report of the Pan American Conference on Diabetes and Pregnancy. Available from: http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/28208/9789275118832_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Last accessed 1st May 2016
[34]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Diabetes in pregnancy: management of diabetes and its complications from preconception to the postnatal period. NICE guidelines [NG3]. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng3/evidence. Published February 2015. Last accessed 1st May 2016 25950069

Sorted by citations

Gestational diabetes mellitus - A metabolic and reproductive disorder
Choudhury, A. A., & Rajeswari, V. D. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112183 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Gestational diabetes: opportunities for improving maternal and child health
Saravanan, P., Magee, L. A., Banerjee, A., Coleman, M. A., von Dadelszen, P., Denison, F. C., Farmer, A. A., Finer, S., Fox-Rushby, J. A., Holt, R. I. G., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30161-3 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Self-citation
Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes
Sweeting, A., Hannah, W., Backman, H., Catalano, P., Feghali, M., Herman, W. H., Hivert, M.-F., Immanuel, J., Meek, C., Oppermann, M. L., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00825-0 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
The impact of diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes on its prevalence: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Behboudi-Gandevani, S., Amiri, M., Bidhendi Yarandi, R., & Ramezani Tehrani, F. (2019) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-019-0406-1 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: 100 Years Later
Jagannathan, R., Neves, J. S., Dorcely, B., Chung, S. T., Tamura, K., Rhee, M. K., & Bergman, M. (2020) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s246062 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus: Deductions from a three-part longitudinal metabolomics study in China
Law, K. P., & Zhang, H. (2017) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2017.02.008 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in twin and singleton pregnancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Greco, E., Calanducci, M., Nicolaides, K. H., Barry, E. V. H., Huda, M. S. B., & Iliodromiti, S. (2023) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.08.011 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Tryptophan and purine metabolites are consistently upregulated in the urinary metabolome of patients diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus throughout pregnancy: A longitudinal metabolomics study of Chinese pregnant women part 2
Law, K. P., Han, T.-L., Mao, X., & Zhang, H. (2017) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2017.02.018 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) increases the risk of subsequent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): A novel therapeutic perspective
Choudhury, A. A., & Rajeswari, V. D. (2022) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121069 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes in India by Individual Socioeconomic, Demographic, and Clinical Factors
Swaminathan, G., Swaminathan, A., & Corsi, D. J. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25074 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The Challenges and Recommendations for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Care in India: A Review
Morampudi, S., Balasubramanian, G. V., Gowda, A., Zomorodi, B., & Patil, A. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00056 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Nutritional Supplementation for the Prevention and/or Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Plows, J. F., Reynolds, C. M., Vickers, M. H., Baker, P. N., & Stanley, J. L. (2019) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1199-1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Point-of-care diagnostics to improve maternal and neonatal health in low-resource settings
Majors, C. E., Smith, C. A., Natoli, M. E., Kundrod, K. A., & Richards-Kortum, R. R. (2017) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c7lc00374a · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Knowledge about gestational diabetes mellitus amongst pregnant women in South Tamil Nadu
Bhavadharini, B., Deepa, M., Nallaperumal, S., Anjana, R., & Mohan, V. (2017) · Journal of Diabetology · doi:10.4103/jod.jod_2_17 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citation
Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century
Dłuski, D. F., Ruszała, M., Rudziński, G., Pożarowska, K., Brzuszkiewicz, K., & Leszczyńska-Gorzelak, B. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315804 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Overt Diabetes in Pregnancy
Goyal, A., Gupta, Y., & Tandon, N. (2022) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-022-01210-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
A Mobile Clinical Decision Support System for High-Risk Pregnant Women in Rural India (SMARThealth Pregnancy): Pilot Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Nagraj, S., Kennedy, S., Jha, V., Norton, R., Hinton, L., Billot, L., Rajan, E., Abdul, A., Phalswal, A., Arora, V., et al. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/44362 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effect of Different Types of Diagnostic Criteria for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Adverse Neonatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression
Tehrani, F. R., Naz, M. S. G., Yarandi, R. B., & Behboudi‐Gandevani, S. (2022) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2021.0178 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Identify gestational diabetes mellitus by deep learning model from cell-free DNA at the early gestation stage
Wang, Y., Sun, P., Zhao, Z., Yan, Y., Yue, W., Yang, K., Liu, R., Huang, H., Wang, Y., Yin, C., et al. (2023) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbad492 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Barriers to screening, diagnosis and management of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy in Africa: a systematic review
Hinneh, T. K., Jahn, A., & Agbozo, F. (2021) · International Health · doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihab054 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Serum C18:1-Cer as a Potential Biomarker for Early Detection of Gestational Diabetes
Juchnicka, I., Kuźmicki, M., Zabielski, P., Kretowski, A. J., Błachnio-Zabielska, A. U., & Szamatowicz, J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11020384 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Pregnancy and Implications for Long-Term Health: Identifying the Research Priorities for Low-Resource Settings
Nagraj, S., Kennedy, S. H., Norton, R., Jha, V., Praveen, D., Hinton, L., & Hirst, J. E. (2020) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.00040 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Association between number of abnormal glucose values and severity of fasting plasma glucose in IADPSG criteria and maternal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Bhavadharini, B., Anjana, R. M., Deepa, M., Pradeepa, R., Uma, R., Saravanan, P., & Mohan, V. (2021) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-021-01815-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pregnancy outcome of gestational diabetes mellitus using a structured model of care : WINGS project (WINGS‐10)
Uma, R., Bhavadharini, B., Ranjani, H., Mahalakshmi, M. M., Anjana, R. M., Ranjit Unnikrishnan, I., Kayal, A., Malanda, B., Belton, A. B., & Mohan, V. (2016) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.13249 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Early Screening for Gestational Diabetes Using IADPSG Criteria May Be a Useful Predictor for Congenital Anomalies: Preliminary Data from a High-Risk Population
Zawiejska, A., Wróblewska‐Seniuk, K., Gutaj, P., Mantaj, U., Gomulska, A., Kippen, J., & Wender-Ożegowska, E. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9113553 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Diagnostic Accuracy of Capillary Blood Glucometer Testing for Gestational Diabetes
Gallardo‐Rincón, H., Lomelín‐Gascón, J., Martínez‐Juárez, L. A., Montoya, A., Ortega-Montiel, J., Galicia-Hernández, V., Álvarez-Hernández, D.-A., Ávila-Domínguez, R., Reyes-Muñoz, E., Illescas-Correa, L. M., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s389420 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ethnic predisposition of diabetes mellitus in the patients with previous history of gestational diabetes mellitus: a review
Gupta, R. D., Gupta, S., Das, A., Biswas, T., Haider, M. R., & Sarker, M. (2018) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2018.1471354 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Evidence to support the classification of hyperglycemia first detected in pregnancy to predict diabetes 6–12 weeks postpartum: A single center cohort study
Coetzee, A., Sadhai, N., Mason, D., Hall, D. R., & Conradie, M. (2020) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108421 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Comparative study of DIPSI and IADPSG criteria for diagnosis of GDM
Srinivasan, S., & Reddi, R. P. (2018) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20180869 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The relationship between fasting plasma glucose in the first trimester of pregnancy and the incidence of gestational diabetes in Iran
Rashidi, H., Kalantari, K., Shahbazian, H. B., & Nouhjah, S. (2021) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102193 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Gestational Diabetes: Exploring the Perceptions, Practices and Barriers of the Community and Healthcare Providers in Rural Bangladesh: A Qualitative Study
Biswas, A., Dalal, K., Abdullah, A. S. M., Rahman, A. F., & Halim, A. (2020) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s238523 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Case for Early and Universal Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Findings from 9314 Pregnant Women in a Major City in Nigeria
Ogu, R., Maduka, O., Agala, V., Obuah, P., Horsfall, F., Azi, E., Nwibubasa, C., Edewor, U., Porbeni, I., John, O. C., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-022-01307-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Antioxidant Supplementation for Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials
van der Pligt, P., Wadley, G. D., Lee, I., Ebrahimi, S., Spiteri, S., Dennis, K., & Mason, S. A. (2025) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-025-00636-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Modification of WHO diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes: implications for classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy
Imoh, L. C., Asorose, S. A., Odo, A. I., Aina, D. O., Abu, A. O., & Ocheke, A. N. (2017) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20172900 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus in twin pregnancies according to changes in its diagnostic criteria from National Diabetes Data Group criteria to Carpenter and Coustan criteria: a retrospective cohort study
Kim, Y., Hong, S.-Y., Kim, S., Kim, Y., Sung, J., Choi, S., Oh, S., & Roh, C. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04361-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Comparative study of DIPSI and WHO 2018 criteria for diagnosis of GDM
Shrestha, B., & Pokhrel, L. (2020) · Nepal Medical College Journal · doi:10.3126/nmcj.v22i1-2.30023 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus with Medical Nutrition Therapy
Salis, S. S., Vora, N., Syed, S., Ram, U., & Mohan, V. (2021) · Journal of Diabetology · doi:10.4103/jod.jod_44_21 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Association between gestational diabetes and 6-year incident diabetes: results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)
Casagrande, S. S., Avilés-Santa, L. M., Sotres‐Alvarez, D., Gallo, L. C., Simon, M. A., Kominiarek, M. A., Talavera, G. A., Stuebe, A. M., Potter, J. E., Perera, M. J., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-002980 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Diabetes in Pregnancy
McCance, D. R., & Cassidy, L. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119697473.ch71 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Agreement and disagreement between diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes and implications for clinical practice: A retrospective observational study
Goyal, A., Gupta, R., Gupta, A., Yadav, A., Jadhav, A., & Singh, R. K. (2025) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2025.103207 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Diagnosis of gestational diabetes: Evidence and pitfalls
Wong, T., Immanuel, J., Wong, V. W., Barnes, R., & Simmons, D. (2025) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2025.102069 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Knowledge domain and research trends for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and nutrition from 2011 to 2021: a bibliometric analysis
Hu, Z., Chen, Q., Luo, M., Ren, Y., Xu, J., & Feng, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1142858 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Obstetric and neonatal outcomes in the management of twin pregnancies with gestational diabetes using the IADPSG criteria for singleton pregnancies
Ma, J., Yang, D., Lv, J., Liu, S. X., Gao, L., Bi, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-06970-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Early gestational diabetes mellitus: An update about its current status
Mohan, V., Hannah, W., & Anjana, R. M. (2024) · International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/s13410-024-01370-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mean Adiponectin Levels and Frequency of Hypoadiponectinemia in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Raza, S., Ali, U., Zubairi, A. M., & Salim, E. (2021) · Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry · doi:10.36283/pjmd10-1/007 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Incidence, risk factors and pregnancy outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria: a prospective cohort study
Adeoye, I. A., Adedapo, K. S., Sonuga, O. O., Fagbamigbe, A. F., Adeleye, J., Olayemi, O. O., Omigbodun, A. O., & Bamgboye, A. E. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095252 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Practice Patterns Among Healthcare Professionals for Screening, Diagnosis, and Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in Selected Countries of Asia, Africa, and Middle East
Masood, S. N., Bhavadharini, B., & Mohan, V. (2021) · Journal of Diabetology · doi:10.4103/jod.jod_63_21 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Diagnostic efficiency of diabetes in pregnancy study group of India versus World Health Organization 2013 criteria
Rakibul-Hasan, M., Sultana, N., Jahan, S., Hasan, M., Alam, M. F., Zarin, N., Fariduddin, M., Roy, P.-K., & Hasanat, M. A. (2020) · International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/s13410-020-00804-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
IDF-MENA Region Guidelines for Management of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy
Masood, S. N., Shegem, N. S., Baqai, S. M., Suliman, M. T., Alromaihi, D., Sultan, M. T. H., Salih, B. T., Ram, U., Ahmad, Z., Al-Jufairi, Z. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Diabetology · doi:10.4103/jod.jod_58_21 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Integrating Gestational Diabetes Screening and Care and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Prevention After GDM Into Community Based Primary Health Care in South Africa-Mixed Method Study
Mutabazi, J. C., Bonong, P. R. E., Trottier, H., Ware, L. J., Norris, S. A., Murphy, K., Levitt, N. S., & Zarowsky, C. (2022) · International Journal of Integrated Care · doi:10.5334/ijic.5600 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Practices and barriers to screening for hyperglycaemia in pregnancy among providers of antenatal care in Jos, Nigeria
Imoh, L. C., Longwap, A. S., Haruna, F. E., Asieba, O. J., Istifanus, J. P., Imoh, J. A., & Banwat, M. E. (2022) · African Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.4102/ajlm.v11i1.1845 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Comparison of DIPSI and IADPSG criteria for diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus- a prospective study in a sub-urban multi-speciality hospital
Patil, Y., Thiyagarajan, K., Chaudhari, V., Shah, K. P., & Vijay, R. (2023) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20230532 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Barriers and facilitators for universal gestational diabetes Mellitus screening in a low resource setting: a cross-sectional study in Sri Lanka
Godevithana, J., & Wijesinghe, C. J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-76863-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gestational Diabetes in Undernourished Women of KONKAN Region of State of Maharashtra, India (BKLWHANC-1)
Patil, S. U., Patil, N. R., Santpur, U., Bhat, P. P., Jadhav, A., Dervankar, O., Joglekar, C. V., Hasbe, R., Patel, M. T., Dombale, V., et al. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes Research and Therapy · doi:10.16966/2380-5544.157 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Análise da incidência de complicações materno-fetais após o uso dos critérios da IADPSG para o diagnóstico do diabetes gestacional – uma revisão integrativa
Tsutida, C. A., Mendes, C. D., Corrêa, G. L., Mallmann, F. E., & Leitão, A. M. (2022) · Revista de Medicina · doi:10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v101i6e-195072 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Accuracy of clinical risk factor-based models as a screening test for detecting gestational diabetes mellitus in a low-resource setting
Senbanjo, O. C., Akinlusi, F. M., & Rabiu, K. A. (2026) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.20945/2359-4292-2026-0020 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Screening, Diagnosis, and Management of GDM
Bagias, C., Xiarchou, A., & Saravanan, P. (2021) · Journal of Diabetology · doi:10.4103/jod.jod_101_20 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Asian Indian Population: Pathophysiology and Mechanism
Deepa, M., & Chandrasekaran, S. (2023) · Journal of the Indian Institute of Science · doi:10.1007/s41745-023-00367-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Modelo de predição para o uso de insulina em gestantes diagnosticadas com diabetes gestacional pela glicemia de jejum
de Souza, A. C. R. L. A. (2018) · doi:10.11606/d.5.2018.tde-01112018-103744 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Propuesta y evaluación de un sistema de telemedicina y de ayuda a la decisión para el cuidado de pacientes con diabetes gestacional
Ruiz, E. C. (2017) · doi:10.20868/upm.thesis.47824
Serum kartonektin (CTRP-3) düzeyinin gestasyonel diyabetli ve sağlıklı gebelerde karşılaştırılması ve biyokimyasal parametreler ve insulin direnci ile ilişkisi
Yakar, B., KARAKAYA, G., Önalan, E., & Gürsu, M. F. (2020) · Çukurova medical journal (Online)/Çukurova medical journal · doi:10.17826/cumj.735270
The Burden of Hyperglycemia First Detected in Pregnancy Among Indonesian WomenPreprint
Fitria, N., Pradipta, I. S., Utama, B. I., Postma, M. J., van Asselt, A. D. I., & Schmidt, A. F. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-41116/v1
Pregnancy complications: health economics of screening and prevention
Fitria, N. (2021) · doi:10.33612/diss.167808473
Correlation between Adiponectin and Triglyceride Levels in Pregnancy with and without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Sudana, I. N. G., Windarwati, W., & Mulyono, B. E. (2021) · INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY · doi:10.24293/ijcpml.v27i3.1697
The Relationship between Maternal Metabolic Variables and Gestational Diabetes in Bangladesh: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bilkish, U. S., Apsara, S., Afruz, M., Choudhury, N., Choudhury, J. Y., Begum, R., & Akhtar, H. (2022) · Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences · doi:10.36347/sjams.2022.v10i10.025
GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS: UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS ANDMANAGING THE CHALLENGE
Bardhan, S., Saha, S., DAS, A., Banerjee, N., & Mukherjee, S. (2022) · Science and Culture · doi:10.36094/sc.v88.2022.gestational_diabetes_mellitus.bardhan.346
Factors influencing utilization of universal Gestational Diabetes Mellitus screening services among mothers in Sri Lanka: A cross sectional studyPreprint
Chandana, G. J., & Wijesinghe, C. J. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2336504/v1
Exploring the effectiveness of various screening criteria used in gestational diabetes mellitus
Keerthana, S. B., & Gopalan, U. D. (2023) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20231594
THE ANALYSIS STUDY OF ONE-STEP COMPARED WITH TWO-STEP GESTATIONAL DIABETES SCREENING AND PREGNANCY OUTCOMES: A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Wijaya, V. (2024) · Journal of Advance Research in Medical & Health Science · doi:10.61841/339y7254
Role of Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests in Diabetes Mellitus
Arıcı, H., & Ecesoy, V. (2023) · doi:10.69860/nobel.9786053359104.6
Screening of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a West African Population: A Comparison of Systematic vs. Targeted Approaches
Sall, N. R., Ba, F., Ndiaye, M. D., & Moreira, P. M. (2025) · Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.4236/ojog.2025.154055
Role of nutrients in gestational diabetes management
Wani, S., Pingale, P. L., Amrutkar, S. V., & Kulkarni, S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-34003-1.00016-x
Pan-India Survey of Obstetric Clinics to Assess Screening Practices for Early Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in India
Lunghar, J., Deepa, M., Ram, U., Sagili, H., Jali, M. V., Pujar, Y. V., Chaudhari, U. K., Sachdeva, G., Joshi, S., Wagh, G. N., et al. (2026) · Journal of Diabetology · doi:10.4103/jod.jod_10_26
Self-citation
Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus in routine antenatal care: A retrospective analysis from western Kazakhstan
Makasheva, A., Yermukhanova, L. S., Kudabayeva, K. I., Tazhbenova, S., & Zhylkybekova, A. (2026) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2026.103631
Association between gestational diabetes mellitus and periodontal inflammation in a South African cohort
Ahmed, M., Temilola, D. O., Matjila, M. J., & Chetty, M. (2026) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-026-07213-y

Trends in the Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Mishra, S., Rao, C. R., & Shetty, A. (2016) · Scientifica · doi:10.1155/2016/5489015 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Are Guidelines From High-Income Settings Applicable to Poorer Countries?
Utz, B., Kolsteren, P. W., & Brouwere, V. D. (2015) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diaclin.33.3.152 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The urgent need for universally applicable simple screening procedures and diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus – lessons from projects funded by the World Diabetes Foundation
Nielsen, K. K., de Courten, M., & Kapur, A. (2012) · Global Health Action · doi:10.3402/gha.v5i0.17277 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Exploring the effectiveness of various screening criteria used in gestational diabetes mellitus
Keerthana, S. B., & Gopalan, U. D. (2023) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20231594
Comparison of the world health organization and the International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups criteria in diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus in South Indians
Nallaperumal, S., Bhavadharini, B., Mahalakshmi, M. M., Maheswari, K., Jalaja, R., Moses, A., Anjana, R. M., Deepa, M., Ranjani, H., & Mohan, V. (2013) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/2230-8210.117241 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Bhavadharini, B., Uma, R., Saravanan, P., & Mohan, V.
Affiliations: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (IN)
Seethapathy Clinic and Hospital (IN)
University of Warwick (GB)
Corresponding author: Mohan, V.
ORCID: Bhavadharini, B.
Saravanan, P.
Mohan, V.
Venue: Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2016-06-01
Volume: 2
Issue: 1
Pages: 13-13
ISSN: 2055-8260 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s40842-016-0031-y
PMC: PMC5471706
OpenAlex: W2398617364
Cited by: 75
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 0.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Abbott Fund
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM screening, GDM diagnosis, IADPSG criteria, oral glucose tolerance test, diagnostic criteria, low- and middle-income countries, resource-limited settings, models of care

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus—Relevance to low and middle income countries

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks