Diagnosis of gestational diabetes: Evidence and pitfalls
Open accessAbstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), defined as hyperglycaemia first recognised during pregnancy, is an important clinical entity, especially with its impact on pregnancy outcomes and the increased risk of metabolic disease for both mother and child in their later lives. However, the definition and diagnosis of GDM have continued to evolve over the past 50 years, and this has sometimes caused confusion for clinicians. Currently, different countries adopt different strategies in diagnosing GDM, despite a previous attempt in 2008 to decide on a universally acceptable diagnostic algorithm. In this review, the biological principles that underpin dysglycaemia in pregnancy, the evolution of diagnostic standards for GDM over the years, reasons for the different diagnostic criteria and recognition of early versus late GDM will be discussed. The controversies and uncertainties, pitfalls and alternate ways to diagnose GDM will also be explored.
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Recent progress in metabolic reprogramming in gestational diabetes mellitus: a review
Xie, Y., Lin, S., Xie, B., & Zhao, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1284160 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sweeting, A., MacMillan, F., Simmons, D., & attendees, F. T. T. S. (2024) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/ajo.13823 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationHillier, T. A., Pedula, K. L., Ogasawara, K. K., Vesco, K. K., Oshiro, C. E. S., & Marter, J. L. V. (2022) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm-2021-0581 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
de Brun, M., Magnuson, A., Montgomery, S., Patil, S. B., Simmons, D. S., Berntorp, K. E., Jansson, S. P. O., Wennerholm, U., Wikström, A., Strevens, H., et al. (2024) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004420 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Pregnant women’s experience of undergoing an oral glucose tolerance test: A cross-sectional study
Alecrim, M. D. J., Mattar, R., & Torloni, M. R. (2022) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109941 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Maternal Weight and Gestational Diabetes Impacts on Child Health: A Narrative Review
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Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: How Should We Measure Glucose?
BACKMAN, H. E., Karefylakis, C., Schwarcz, E., Magnuson, A., Branzell, I., Nolan, C. J., Simmons, D., TOBOGM Core Investigator Group, Simmons, D., Hague, W. M., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-1557 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- International Diabetes Federation. IDF Atlas; 2025 [cited 2025 19/6/2025]; 11th edition. Available from: 〈https://diabetesatlas.org/〉.
- O'Sullivan, 1964, Criteria for the oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy, Diabetes, 13, 278
- American Diabetes Association Professional Practice, C, 2024, 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes—2025., Diabetes Care, 48, S27
Cited by
Still being checked.
- Authors
- Wong, T., Immanuel, J., Wong, V. W., Barnes, R., & Simmons, D.
- Affiliations
- Bankstown Lidcombe Hospital (AU)
- Texas Woman's University (US)
- Liverpool Hospital (AU)
- South Western Sydney Local Health District (AU)
- Western Sydney University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Simmons, David
- Venue
- Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-12
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 102069
- ISSN
- 1521-690X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4416580328
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4
- FWCI
- 4.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM diagnosis, diagnostic criteria, diagnostic algorithm, hyperglycemia in pregnancy, diagnostic pitfalls, pregnancy outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Pregnancy, Diabetes, Gestational
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