The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale: Factor structure, item analyses and internal consistency in a large population
Open accessAbstract
Background: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) rating scale is a commonly used questionnaire. Former studies have given inconsistent results as to the psychometric properties of the HAD scale. Aims: To examine the psychometric properties of the HAD scale in a large population. Method: All inhabitants aged 20–89 years (n=92 100) were invited to take part in The Nord-Tr⊘ndelag Health Study, Norway. A total of 65 648 subjects participated, and only completed HAD scale forms (n=51 930) formed the basis for the psychometric examinations. Results: Principal component analysis extracted two factors in the HAD scale that accounted for 57% of the variance. The anxiety and depression sub-scales shared 30% of the variance. Both sub-scales were found to be internally consistent, with values of Cronbach's coefficient (a) being 0.80 and 0.76, respectively. Conclusions: Based on data from a large population, the basic psychometric properties of the HAD scale as a self-rating instrument should be considered as quite good in terms of factor structure, intercorrelation, homogeneity and internal consistency.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Also, it demonstrated good factor structure, intercorrelation, homogeneity and internal consistency.28”
From Protocol for a feasibility and acceptability study using a brief ACT-based intervention for people from Southwest Wales who live with persistent pain (2018) · cites this paper as [28]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The HADS is a validated (Bjelland, Dahl, Haug, & Neckelmann, 2002; Mykletun, Stordal, & Dahl, 2001), 14-item measure of anxiety and depression.”
From A pilot case series of a brief acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)-based guided self-help intervention for improving quality of life and mood in muscle disorders (2017) · cites this paper as Mykletun, Stordal, & Dahl, 2001
In the citing paper
“Therefore, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) seems more appropriate to use: this instrument has shown solid psychometric properties regarding factor analysis and internal consistency.”
From The Psychological Burden of Skin Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study among Dermatological Out-Patients in 13 European Countries (2015) · cites this paper as Mykletun et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“However, the psychometric approach to evaluate depression used a self-administrated scale with strong psychometric properties.”
From The Psychological Burden of Skin Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study among Dermatological Out-Patients in 13 European Countries (2015) · cites this paper as Mykletun et al., 2001
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601
Herrmann, C. (1997) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(96)00216-4 · Cited by 2,885
SPINHOVEN, P., ORMEL, J., SLOEKERS, P. P. A., KEMPEN, G. I. J. M., SPECKENS, A. E. M., & HEMERT, A. M. V. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291796004382 · Cited by 2,158
Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders
Mineka, S., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377 · Cited by 1,573
Watson, D., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Clark, L. A., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.104.1.3 · Cited by 1,423
Hospital anxiety and depression scale (had): Some psychometric data for a swedish sample
Lisspers, J., Nygren, A., & Söderman, E. (1997) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb10164.x · Cited by 706
Moorey, S., Greer, S., Watson, M., Gorman, C., Rowden, L., Tunmore, R., Robertson, B., & Bliss, J. M. (1991) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.158.2.255 · Cited by 653
Screening for Adjustment Disorders and Major Depressive Disorders in Cancer In-Patients
Razavi, D., Delvaux, N., Farvacques, C., & Robaye, E. (1990) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.156.1.79 · Cited by 514
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Nunnally, 1994, Psychometric Theory
- Bjelland, I. , Neckelmann, D. , Tangen Haug, T. , et al (2001) A review of validation studies of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, in press.
- Üstun, 1995, Mental Illness in General Health Care
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 908
Preoperative risk factors associated with chronic pain profiles following total knee arthroplasty
Lindberg, M. F., Miaskowski, C. A., Rustøen, T., Cooper, B. A., Aamodt, A., & Lerdal, A. (2020) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1703 · Cited by 44
“Psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the HADS were excellent in a large population-based study (Mykletun et al., 2001).”
MethodScreening for depressive symptoms in patients with unresectable lung cancer
Néron, S., Correa, J. A., Dajczman, E., Kasymjanova, G., Kreisman, H., & Small, D. I. (2007) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-007-0225-z · Cited by 43
“Previous studies have supported the use of HADS in cancer populations as a screening instrument for depressive disorders [8, 14, 24, 26].”
Prevalence and correlates of suicide ideation in patients with COPD: a mixed methods study
Nguyen, H. Q., Fleehart, S., Fan, V. S., Lee, J. E., Kohen, R., Herting, J. R., Matute‐Bello, G., Adams, S., Pagalilauan, G. L., & Soo Borson, B. (2014) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s65507 · Cited by 41
“12,13 Many studies of depression in COPD have used depressive symptom scales such as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale 14 or the Geriatric Depression Scale, 15 I n t e r na t i ona l J ou r na l o f C h r on i c O b s t r u c t i v e P u l m ona r y D i s ea s e do w n l oaded f r o m h tt…”
Biringer, E., Howard, L. M., Keßler, U., Stewart, R. J., & Mykletun, A. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.3109/0167482x.2014.992411 · Cited by 41
“Levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed by the Norwegian version of the HADS [21,22].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRasch analysis of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in spinal cord injury.
Müller, R., Cieza, A., & Geyh, S. (2012) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029287 · Cited by 42
Duarte, R. V. (2015) · Pain Physician · doi:10.36076/ppj.2015/18/e369 · Cited by 41
Stordal, E., Morken, G., Mykletun, A., Neckelmann, D., & Dahl, A. A. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.007 · Cited by 41
Self-citationBækken, P. M., Skorpen, F., Stordal, E., Zwart, J., & Hagen, K. (2008) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-8-48 · Cited by 41
“HADS, used in many former studies of the HUNT population [20, 29-31 ], has good reliability and validity compared with other symptom scales of depression and anxiety [10-15].”
MethodSelf-citationThe Use of Grounded Theory in Palliative Care: Methodological Challenges and Strategies
Stiel, S., Pestinger, M., Moser, A., Widdershoven, G. A. M., Lüke, U., Meyer, G. R. Y. D., Voltz, R., Nauck, F., & Radbruch, L. (2010) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2010.0050 · Cited by 43
Measurement invariance of the depressive symptoms scale during adolescence
Brunet, J., Sabiston, C. M., Chaiton, M., Low, N. C., Contreras, G. A., Barnett, T. A., & O’Loughlin, J. L. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-95 · Cited by 41
Bratås, O., Grønning, K., & Platou, T. F. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/scs.12054 · Cited by 40
Coveleskie, K., Kilpatrick, L. A., Gupta, A., Stains, J., Connolly, L., Labus, J. S., Sanmiguel, C. P., & Mayer, E. A. (2017) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.124 · Cited by 39
“Before placement into the scanner, the subjects completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression questionnaire (17).”
MethodMacdonald, B., Salomons, T. V., Meteyard, L., & Whalley, M. G. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1080/24740527.2018.1435994 · Cited by 45
“…in terms of factor structure, intercorrelation, homogeneity, and internal consistency 30 and has been found to perform well in assessing symptom severity and caseness of anxiety and depression, 31 although use of the HADS as a reliable measure of depression has also been questioned by some authors.”
Loneliness as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome: results from the HUNT study
Henriksen, R. E., Nilsen, R. M., & Strandberg, R. B. (2019) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2019-212335 · Cited by 42
Nitrous oxide-oxygen or oral midazolam for pediatric outpatient sedation
Hulland, S. A., Freilich, M. M., & Sándor, G. K. B. (2002) · Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontology · doi:10.1067/moe.2002.124763 · Cited by 40
Comorbid Mental Disorders in Laryngectomees
Singer, S., Herrmann, E., Welzel, C., Klemm, E., Heim, M., & Schwarz, R. (2005) · Oncology Research and Treatment · doi:10.1159/000088978 · Cited by 39
Sense of coherence, burden, and affective symptoms in family carers of people with dementia
Orgeta, V., & Sterzo, E. L. (2013) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610213000203 · Cited by 39
Comparação dos níveis de ansiedade e depressão entre idosos ativos e sedentários
Minghelli, B., Tomé, B., Nunes, C., Neves, A., & Simões, C. (2013) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/s0101-60832013000200004 · Cited by 70
van der Aa, H. P. A., van Rens, G. H. M. B., Bosmans, J. E., Comijs, H. C., & van Nispen, R. M. A. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1437-5 · Cited by 39
“At the end of each 3-month period, elevated levels of depression and/or anxiety (i.e. ≥16 on the CES-D and/or ≥8 on the HADS-A) induced moving on to the following step of the intervention.”
MethodInfluentialActivity of daily living problems in older cancer survivors: a population-based controlled study
Grov, E. K., Fosså, S. D., & Dahl, A. A. (2010) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2010.00912.x · Cited by 39
“All participants in HUNT-2 provided written consent.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationKhan, H., Kalia, S., Itrat, A., Khan, M. A. S., Kamal, M., Khan, M. A., Khalid, R., Khalid, S., Javed, S., Javed, S., et al. (2007) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-6-30 · Cited by 39
Kilkens, T. O. C., Honig, A., Fekkes, D., & Brummer, R. J. (2005) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02660.x · Cited by 39
Boerema, A. M., van Zoonen, K., Cuijpers, P. J., Holtmaat, K., Mokkink, L. B., Griffiths, K. M., & Kleiboer, A. M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160740 · Cited by 39
“The HADS has shown good internal consistency [35, 36].”
BackgroundTeigland, T., Iversen, M. M., Sangnes, D. A., Dimcevski, G., & Søfteland, E. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.10.010 · Cited by 37
Eik‐Nes, T. T., Tokatlian, A., Raman, J., Spirou, D., & Kvaløy, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.886148 · Cited by 48
m.fl, A. J. S. (2009) · Norsk Epidemiologi · doi:10.5324/nje.v13i2.296 · Cited by 38
Wang, S., Zang, X., Liu, J., Cheng, M., Shi, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2015) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-015-0910-7 · Cited by 37
“HADS prevents the reference to somatic symptoms and is widely used to assess anxiety and depression among non-psychiatric, hospital outpatients, and well validated in several clinical situations [3, 28, 29].”
BackgroundSun, Y., Zhang, D., Yang, Y., Wu, M., Xie, H., Zhang, J., Jia, J., & Su, Y. (2016) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2016.09.015 · Cited by 37
Metacognitions Across the Continuum of Smoking Dependence
Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2008) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465808004293 · Cited by 37
Psychological symptoms in children of parents with chronic pain—the HUNT study
Kaasbøll, J., Lydersen, S., & Indredavik, M. S. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.02.013 · Cited by 37
“The measure has shown to have good case-finding properties for anxiety and depression, as defined by the DSM-IV [4,16,26].”
MethodGynecologic oncology patients' satisfaction and symptom severity during palliative chemotherapy
von Gruenigen, V. E., Hutchins, J., Reidy, A. M., Gibbons, H. E., Daly, B. J., Eldermire, E., & Fusco, N. L. (2006) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-4-84 · Cited by 37
Autonomic and subjective responsivity to emotional images in people with dissociative seizures
Pick, S., Mellers, J. D. C., & Goldstein, L. H. (2018) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12144 · Cited by 35
Ernstsen, L., Nilsen, S. M., Espnes, G. A., & Krokstad, S. (2010) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afq141 · Cited by 36
“The psychometric properties of the Norwegian translation of HADS were found to be excellent in the HUNT 2 [14].”
MethodInsomnia and Endothelial Function – The HUNT 3 Fitness Study
Strand, L. B., Laugsand, L. E., Skaug, E.-A., Ellingsen, Ø., Madssen, E., Wisløff, U., Vatten, L., & Janszky, I. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050933 · Cited by 37
“The psychometric properties of the scale have been validated previously in the HUNT study [22].”
MethodSampogna, F., ABENI, D. D., Gieler, U., Tomas-Aragones, L., Lien, L., Poot, F., Jemec, G. B. E., Szabó, C., Linder, D., van Middendorp, H., et al. (2020) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555-3477 · Cited by 36
Giri, S., Tronvik, E., & Hagen, K. (2022) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-022-01388-x · Cited by 38
Metal Music and Mental Health in France
Recours, R., Aussaguel, F., & Trujillo, N. (2009) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-009-9138-2 · Cited by 36
Kraemer, B., Wittmann, L., Jenewein, J., & Schnyder, U. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670902817653 · Cited by 35
Kelly, D. L., Lyon, D., Ameringer, S., & Elswick, R. K. (2015) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/15.onf.265-275 · Cited by 34
Pietrabissa, G., Manzoni, G. M., Rossi, A. A., & Castelnuovo, G. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00083 · Cited by 38
“It is short and rapid in administration (taking 2–5 min) and generally wellaccepted (Mykletun et al., 2001).”
BackgroundCharacteristics of anxiety and psychological well-being in chronic post-stroke patients.
D'Aniello, G. E., Scarpina, F., Mauro, A., Mori, I., Castelnuovo, G., Bigoni, M., Baudo, S., & Molinari, E. (2014) · Journal of Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2014.01.005 · Cited by 38
“Depression and anxiety were measured using the Italian version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD Scale) [32] which is a commonly used questionnaire assessing psychiatric morbidity [33] and mood disorders [34] in post-stroke patients by relying on the feelings from the previous week.”
MethodGalé, C. R., Allerhand, M., Sayer, A. A., Cooper, C. C., Dennison, E. M., Starr, J. M., Ben‐Shlomo, Y., Gallacher, J., Kuh, D. J., & Deary, I. J. (2010) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610210000256 · Cited by 40
“Comparison of factor structures in both the Dutch (Spinhoven et al., 1997) and the Norwegian samples (Mykletun et al., 2001) found no indication that these differed between age groups, but in a study using the English version of the scale in general population samples, relative loadings of symptoms…”
InfluentialPost-traumatic growth and value-directed living after acquired brain injury
Baseotto, M. C., Morris, P. G., Gillespie, D. C., & Trevethan, C. T. (2022) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2020.1798254 · Cited by 34
“80) subscales (Mykletun et al., 2001), and for a combined overall “distress” score (α = .”
BackgroundBratås, O., Ga, E., Rannestad, T., & Walstad, R. A. (2010) · Chronic Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1177/1479972310374343 · Cited by 34
Knowles, S. R., Tribbick, D., Connell, W. R., Castle, D. J., Salzberg, M. R., & Kamm, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Wound Ostomy and Continence Nursing · doi:10.1097/won.0000000000000073 · Cited by 34
Saltnes, S. S., Jensen, J. L., Sæves, R., Nordgarden, H., & Geirdal, A. Ø. (2017) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016357.2017.1357189 · Cited by 36
“The psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of HADS have been demonstrated to be excellent [17].”
MethodLeahy, F., Ridout, N., Mushtaq, F., & Holland, C. (2017) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2017.1365815 · Cited by 35
“In a large population study, Mykletun, Stordal, and Dahl (2001) reported Cronbach’s alpha of 0.76 for depression and 0.8 for anxiety.”
BackgroundInfluentialReproductive outcomes among dental personnel: a review of selected exposures.
Olfert, S. M. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 35
Hagen, K. B., Aas, T., Kvaløy, J. T., Eriksen, H. R., Søiland, H., & Lind, R. A. (2016) · The Breast · doi:10.1016/j.breast.2016.05.005 · Cited by 34
Psychosocial consequences of skin cancer screening
Risica, P. M., Matthews, N. H., Dionne, L. A., Mello, J., Ferris, L. K., Saul, M. I., Geller, A. C., Solano, F. X., Kirkwood, J. M., & Weinstock, M. A. (2018) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.04.011 · Cited by 34
“com/educationalresources) has been previously shown to improve PCP skills related to melanoma detection, including the ability to appropriately reassure patients who have benign lesions that may resemble melanoma, such as seborrheic keratoses (Mykletun et al., 2001; Singer et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodDres, M. (2011) · Revue des Maladies Respiratoires Actualités · doi:10.1016/s1877-1203(11)70038-6 · Cited by 33
The Fear of Others: A Pilot Study of Social Anxiety Processes in Paranoia
Newman‐Taylor, K., & Stopa, L. (2012) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812000690 · Cited by 38
Lu, W. Y.-R., Krellman, J. W., & Dijkers, M. P. J. M. (2016) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-151296 · Cited by 39
Explicit Facial Emotion Processing in Patients With Dissociative Seizures
Pick, S., Mellers, J. D. C., & Goldstein, L. H. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000327 · Cited by 33
“This reliable and valid scale (39,42) was developed for use in general medical settings, measuring current (nonsomatic) symptoms of anxiety and depression over the previous week.”
BackgroundCaregiver Choice and Caregiver Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study of Irish Spousal Dementia Caregivers
Pertl, M. M., Sooknarine-Rajpatty, A., Brennan, S., Robertson, I. H., & Lawlor, B. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01801 · Cited by 33
McDonald, J. S., & Rapkin, A. J. (2012) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02909.x · Cited by 33
Straat, J. H., van der Ark, L. A., & Sijtsma, K. (2013) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.11.012 · Cited by 33
“Exploratory factor analysis [14,17] yielded a 2-factor solution in which all items with index A loaded on the Anxiety factor and all items with index D loaded on the Depression factor.”
MethodLindberg, M. F., Miaskowski, C. A., Rustøen, T., Rosseland, L. A., Paul, S. M., Cooper, B. A., & Lerdal, A. (2016) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnw080 · Cited by 33
Assessing the Chinese version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in non-clinical adolescents
Guo, C. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03581-2 · Cited by 34
Algladi, T., HARRIS, M. L., Whorwell, P. J., Paine, P., & Hamdy, S. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000187 · Cited by 32
“Healthy volunteers and patients with IBS were asked to complete the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) rating scale.(37) In addition, patients with IBS were asked to complete the IBS Symptom Severity Score.”
MethodSarmanova, A., Fernandes, G., Richardson, H., Valdes, A. M., Walsh, D. A., Zhang, W., & Doherty, M. (2018) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2018.07.013 · Cited by 32
Pani, J., Reitlo, L. S., Evensmoen, H. R., Lydersen, S., Wisløff, U., Stensvold, D., & Haberg, A. K. (2021) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s318679 · Cited by 34
An exploration of the psychologic impact of contact isolation on patients in Singapore
Soon, M. M. L., Madigan, E. A., Jones, K. R., & Salata, R. A. (2013) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2013.01.037 · Cited by 35
Rimehaug, T., & Wallander, J. L. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0110-9 · Cited by 32
“The validity of HADS has been satisfactory in numerous analyses [6, 18, 31].”
BackgroundKlokk, M., Götestam, K. G., & Mykletun, A. (2010) · BMC Dermatology · doi:10.1186/1471-5945-10-3 · Cited by 32
“In accordance with the findings on anxiety disorders and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey [29], the HADS components of anxiety and depression shares 30% variance [30].”
ResultSelf-citationIsaksen, K., Munk, P. S., Giske, R., & Larsen, A. I. (2016) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-2043 · Cited by 36
Andenæs, R., Momyr, A., & Brekke, I. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5094-5 · Cited by 31
“Previous studies and reviews have concluded that the HADS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the separate dimensions and symptom severity of anxiety and depression in somatic, psychiatric, and primary care patients, as well as in the general population [28].”
BackgroundHolten, K. I. A., Bernklev, T., Opheim, R., Johansen, I., Olsen, B. C., Lund, C. I., Strande, V., Medhus, A. W., Perminow, G., Bengtson, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis · doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad094 · Cited by 33
“22 The HADS has been translated into Norwegian and validated, 25 and consists of 14 items divided into two-dimensional subscales, HADS-D and HADS-A, with seven items each.”
MethodCaregivers’ experience of risk in dementia: The LASER-AD Study
Walker, A. E., Livingston, G., Cooper, C., Katona, C., & Kitchen, G. (2006) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860600637828 · Cited by 31
“This scale has been validated throughout the age range and in all settings including the community to identify clinically significant anxiety and depression (Mykletun, Stordal, & Dahl, 2001 ; Bjelland, Dahl, Haug, & Neckelmann, 2002 ).”
MethodPetraškienė, R., Valiukevičienė, S., & Macijauskienė, J. (2016) · Medicina · doi:10.1016/j.medici.2016.07.001 · Cited by 31
“This scale is used for surveys of patients treated in general and specialized non-mental healthcare institutions [26].”
Nøst, T. H., Steinsbekk, A., Bratås, O., & Grønning, K. (2018) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3843-x · Cited by 35
Lerdal, A., Hofoss, D., Gay, C., & Fagermoen, M. S. (2019) · Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s41687-019-0142-1 · Cited by 27
The Treatment of Anxiety in Young Children: Results of an Open Trial of the Fun FRIENDS Program
Barrett, P. M., Fisak, B. J., & Cooper, M. (2015) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2015.12 · Cited by 31
Lillefjell, M., Krokstad, S., & Espnes, G. A. (2007) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-8-65 · Cited by 31
“In addition, scores on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), seen in Table 3, showed a significant (p 0.01) reduction in both anxiety and depression during the rehabilitation period.”
MethodInfluentialVallejo, M. Á., Rivera, J., Esteve-Vives, J., & Muñoz, M. D. L. F. R. (2012) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rpsmen.2012.01.004 · Cited by 32
Collado, V., Hennèquin, M., Faulks, D., Mazille, M.-N., Nicolas, E., Koscielny, S., & Onody, P. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000236660.01039.eb · Cited by 32
The effect of attachment orientation priming on pain sensitivity in pain-free individuals
Rowe, A. C., Carnelley, K. B., Harwood, J., Micklewright, D., Russouw, L., Rennie, C. L., & Liossi, C. (2012) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407511431189 · Cited by 31
Factors Associated With Presenteeism and Psychological Distress Using a Theory-Driven Approach
Coutu, M., Corbière, M., Durand, M., Nastasia, I., Labrecque, M.-É., Berbiche, D., & Albert, V. (2015) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000000459 · Cited by 31
Watchful waiting for subthreshold depression and anxiety in visually impaired older adults
van der Aa, H. P. A., Bruin, E. K.-D., van Rens, G. H. M. B., Twisk, J. W. R., & van Nispen, R. M. A. (2015) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-015-1032-5 · Cited by 31
“The HADS-A is a 7-item subscale which specifically targets anxiety, with scores ranging from 0 to 21 and a cut-off score for subthreshold anxiety of C8 [34].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSaracutu, M., Edwards, D. J., Davies, H., & Rance, J. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021866 · Cited by 29
“Also, it demonstrated good factor structure, intercorrelation, homogeneity and internal consistency.(28) This scale has been routinely used in research involving patients with persistent pain.”
Nordstrand, A. E., Bøe, H. J., Holen, A., Reichelt, J. G., Gjerstad, C. L., & Hjemdal, O. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1601989 · Cited by 30
Eriksen, S., Bjørkløf, G. H., Helvik, A.-S., Larsen, M., & Engedal, K. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.049 · Cited by 30
Treatment Outcome and Metacognitive Change in CBT and GET for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Fernie, B. A., Murphy, G., Adrian Wells, A., Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2015) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246581500017x · Cited by 30
Co-morbid depression and chronic illness related to coping and physical and mental health status
Benedetto, M. D., Lindner, H., Aucote, H. M., Churcher, J., McKenzie, S. P., Croning, N., & Jenkins, E. N. (2013) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2013.803135 · Cited by 30
Garcia-Cebrian, A., Bauer, M., Montejo, A. L., Dantchev, N., Demyttenaere, K., Gandhi, P., Grassi, L. G., Monz, B. U., David, P., Quail, D., et al. (2007) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.10.002 · Cited by 30
“In addition, patients completed the HADS, which has excellent psychometric properties in specialist and primary care populations [35,36].”
Graham, H. L., Copello, A. G., Griffith, E., Freemantle, N., McCrone, P., Clarke, L., Walsh, K. S., Stefanidou, C. A., Rana, A., & Birchwood, M. J. (2015) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12530 · Cited by 30
“‘Integration’; ‘mixed picture in which integration predominates’; ‘mixed picture in which sealingover predominates’ and ‘sealing-over’(49)]; Insight Scale reliably assesses changes in levels of insight in terms of perceived need for treatment (50); HADS a 14-item self-report measure found to reliably assess anxiety an…”
BackgroundPilot RCT of the use of video interactive guidance with preterm babies
Barlow, J., Sembi, S., & Underdown, A. (2016) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2016.1217404 · Cited by 30
Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Intracranial Arachnoid Cysts–A Prospective Study
Gjerde, P. B., Litleskare, S., Lura, N. G., Tangen, T., Helland, C. A., & Wester, K. G. (2019) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.058 · Cited by 30
Hartaigh, B. Ó., Loerbroks, A., Thomas, G. N., Engeland, C. G., Hollands, M. A., Fischer, J. E., & Bosch, J. A. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.10.009 · Cited by 29
“83) (Mykletun et al., 2001; Bjelland et al., 2002; Michopoulos et al., 2008).”
Joyce, S., Tan, L., Shand, F., Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, S. B. (2018) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001526 · Cited by 30
Alahmary, A. W. (2019) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2019.746 · Cited by 29
“In both scales, a score of 0-7 indicates the absence of anxiety or depression, a score of 8-10 indicates possible anxiety or depression, and a score of 11 or higher indicates presence of anxiety or depression [10], [11].”
BackgroundMichelsen, T. M., Dørum, A., Trope, C. G., Fosså, S. D., & Dahl, A. A. (2009) · International Journal of Gynecological Cancer · doi:10.1111/igc.0b013e3181a83cd5 · Cited by 29
Self-citationParker, S. G., Oliver, P., Pennington, M., Bond, J. B., Jagger, C., Enderby, P., Curless, R., Chater, T., Vanoli, A., Fryer, K., et al. (2009) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta13390 · Cited by 29
Omachi, T. A., Katz, P., Yelin, E. H., Iribarren, C., Knight, S. J., Blanc, P. D., & Eisner, M. D. (2009) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.09-0764 · Cited by 29
McPherson, A., & Martin, C. R. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03514.x · Cited by 29
“…populations were analysed in the UK and abroad, from the Netherlands (Andrea et al. 2004), Germany (Barth & Martin 2005), France (Friedman et al. 2001), Greece (Michopoulos et al. 2008), Norway (Mykletun et al. 2001), Portugal (Pais-Ribeiro et al. 2007) and Spain (Quintana et al. 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialAnxiety and low life satisfaction associate with high caregiver strain early after stroke
Oosterveer, D. M., Mishre, R. R., van Oort, A., Bodde, K., & Aerden, L. A. M. (2014) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-1250 · Cited by 29
Paker, N., Buğdaycı, D. S., Mıdık, M., Çelik, B., & Kesiktaş, F. N. (2013) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-130964 · Cited by 28
“[15], reported a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.”
BackgroundResultYang, Z., Huang, X., Liu, X., Hou, J., Wu, W., Song, A., Meyers, K. A., Zhang, T., Chen, H., & Wu, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00346 · Cited by 28
“70 (39) indicate a good internal reliability.”
Jerković, A., Proroković, A., Matijaca, M., Vuko, J., Poljičanin, A., Mastelić, A., Katić, A. Ć., Košta, V., Kustura, L., Dolić, K., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.794353 · Cited by 33
Chronic Daily Headache with Medication Overuse: A Randomized Follow-Up by Neurologist or PCP
Bøe, M., Salvesen, R., & Mygland, Å. (2009) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01810.x · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Mykletun, A., Stordal, E., & Dahl, A. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Bergen (NO)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Mykletun, Arnstein
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 179
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 540-544
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2106572906
- Cited by
- 908
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 21.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Keywords
- Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, psychometric properties, factor structure, internal consistency, anxiety, depression, self-report questionnaire, Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, item analysis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
