Artificial intelligence and increasing misinformation
Open accessAbstract
Summary: With the recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), patients are increasingly exposed to misleading medical information. Generative AI models, including large language models such as ChatGPT, create and modify text, images, audio and video information based on training data. Commercial use of generative AI is expanding rapidly and the public will routinely receive messages created by generative AI. However, generative AI models may be unreliable, routinely make errors and widely spread misinformation. Misinformation created by generative AI about mental illness may include factual errors, nonsense, fabricated sources and dangerous advice. Psychiatrists need to recognise that patients may receive misinformation online, including about medicine and psychiatry.
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Individuals unfamiliar with a topic tend to trust well-written but incorrect information, especially when it aligns with their expectations or preconceptions.
“Furthermore, individuals unfamiliar with a topic tend to trust well-written but incorrect information, especially when it aligns with their expectations or preconceptions (Monteith et al., 2024).”
From “ <scp>ChatGPT</scp> can make mistakes. Check important info.” Epistemic beliefs and metacognitive accuracy in students' integration of <scp>ChatGPT</scp> content into academic writing (2025) · cites this paper as Monteith et al., 2024
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- Authors
- Monteith, S., Glenn, T., Geddes, J. R., Whybrow, P. C., Achtyes, E., & Bauer, M.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Western Michigan University (US)
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Monteith, Scott
- Venue
- The British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2023-10-26
- Volume
- 224
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 33-35
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W4387950352
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 41
- FWCI
- 89.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Western Michigan University
- Michigan State University
- Stryker
- University of Oxford
- Technische Universität Dresden
- College of Engineering, Michigan State University
- University of California, Los Angeles
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence, generative AI, misinformation, large language models, ChatGPT, mental illness, online health information, psychiatric patients, psychiatrists
- MeSH terms
- Psychiatrists, Artificial Intelligence, Mental Disorders, Communication, Humans, Psychiatry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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