The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
LC/MS analysis of stratum corneum lipids: ceramide profiling and discovery
Open accessAbstract
Ceramides (CERs) in the upper layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), play a key role in the skin barrier function. In human SC, the literature currently reports 11 CER subclasses that have been identified. In this paper, a novel quick and robust LC/MS method is presented that allows the separation and analysis of all known human SC CER subclasses using only limited sample preparation. Besides all 11 known and identified subclasses, a 3D multi-mass chromatogram shows the presence of other lipid subclasses. Using LC/MS/MS with an ion trap (IT) system, a Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance system, and a triple quadrupole system, we were able to identify one of these lipid subclasses as a new CER subclass: the ester-linked ω-hydroxy fatty acid with a dihydrosphingosine base (CER [EOdS]). Besides the identification of a new CER subclass, this paper also describes the applicability and robustness of the developed LC/MS method by analyzing three (biological) SC samples: SC from human dermatomed skin, human SC obtained by tape stripping, and SC from full-thickness skin explants. All three biological samples showed all known CER subclasses and slight differences were observed in CER profile.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the human SC, 16 ceramide classes other than SD and -hydroxy ceramides have been identified (5)(6)(7).”
From Comparative profiling and comprehensive quantification of stratum corneum ceramides in humans and mice by LC/MS/MS (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Therefore, more than several hundred ceramide species exist in the human SC (5)(6)(7).”
From Comparative profiling and comprehensive quantification of stratum corneum ceramides in humans and mice by LC/MS/MS (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The composition of ceramide classes/species in the human SC has previously been analyzed using LC/MS (5-7, 16, 17, 29, 30).”
From Comparative profiling and comprehensive quantification of stratum corneum ceramides in humans and mice by LC/MS/MS (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A RAPID METHOD OF TOTAL LIPID EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION
Bligh, E. G., & Dyer, W. J. (1959) · Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1139/o59-099 · Cited by 54,751
Principles of bioactive lipid signalling: lessons from sphingolipids
Hannun, Y. A., & Obeid, L. M. (2008) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2329 · Cited by 3,411
Barrier Function of the Skin: “La Raison d'Être” of the Epidermis
Madison, K. C. (2003) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12359.x · Cited by 1,192
Imokawa, G., Abe, A., Jin, K., Higaki, Y., Kawashima, M., & Hidano, A. (1991) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470233 · Cited by 1,040
Matuszewski, B. K., Constanzer, M. L., & Chavez-Eng, C. M. (1998) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac971078+ · Cited by 888
REGULATION OF CERAMIDE PRODUCTION AND APOPTOSIS
Kolesnick, R., & Krönke, M. (1998) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.643 · Cited by 803
Mass spectrometry: principles and applications
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-4389 · Cited by 779
Mass spectrometry: principles and applications
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-1527 · Cited by 758
Ceramide in the eukaryotic stress response
Hannun, Y. A., & Luberto, C. (2000) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s0962-8924(99)01694-3 · Cited by 727
The permeability barrier in mammalian epidermis.
Elias, P. M., & Friend, D. S. (1975) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.65.1.180 · Cited by 697
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 63 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–229 of 229
Naylor, C. N., & Nagy, G. (2025) · International Journal of Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2025.117459 · Cited by 1
Atopic Dermatitis (AD) and Lipids
Masukawa, Y. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09943-9_24 · Cited by 1
Stratum Corneum Lipids and Filaggrin
Jungersted, J. M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54379-1_3 · Cited by 1
Raschmanová, J. Š., Martinková, M., Gonda, J., Pilátová, M. B., Kuchár, J., & Jáger, D. (2019) · Tetrahedron · doi:10.1016/j.tet.2019.130803 · Cited by 1
Lin, M., Miner, J. H., & Hsu, F. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1410-5_10 · Cited by 1
Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (RP-LC-MS) in Lipidomics
t’Kindt, R., Sandra, P. J. F., & Sandra, K. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7864-1_61-1 · Cited by 2
Opálka, L., Schlicker, L., & Sandhoff, R. (2023) · doi:10.1002/9783527836512.ch15 · Cited by 1
Vibrational spectroscopy and microscopic imaging of skin
Zhang, Q. (2014) · doi:10.7282/t30003qr
Increased Presence of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in the Stratum Corneum of Human Skin
Thakoersing, E. S., van Smeden, J., Mulder, A. A., Vreeken, R. J., Ghalbzouri, A. E., & Bouwstra, J. A. (2013)
Self-citationSawada, K., Nakahata, E., Tsuge, K., Hirata, M., Takamine, K. T., Nagao, K., & Kitagaki, H. (2014) · JOURNAL OF THE BREWING SOCIETY OF JAPAN · doi:10.6013/jbrewsocjapan.109.535
Omics Technology: Lipidomics and Its Pitfalls During the Preanalytical Stage
Gil, A., Zhang, W., Wolters, J. C., Permentier, H. P., Horvatovich, P. L., Heiner-Fokkema, M. R., Reijngoud, D., & Bischoff, R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409547-2.14002-8
Skin barrier: Extraction and characterization of Stratum Corneum lipids
Velasquez, N. (2018)
Gupta, A. K., & Kohli, Y. (2011)
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Pruritus
Kwatra, S. G. (2020) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03943-101-4
Abdayem, R., & Haftek, M. (2016) · EMC - Cosmetologia Medica e Medicina degli Inestetismi Cutanei · doi:10.1016/s1776-0313(15)76312-4
Khairallah, M. K., Hammam, N. H., Tawfik, N. M., & Dahpy, M. A. (2024) · Journal of The Egyptian Society of Nephrology and Transplantation · doi:10.4103/jesnt.jesnt_29_23
Liposomal formulations for waterproofing mucosal membranes
Coderch, L., Ricci, L., Martı́, M., Bagherpour, S., Pérez‐García, L., & Alonso, C. (2025) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114757
Protection of Mucous Membranes Against the Use of Biocides
Merino, C. A., Coderch, L., Calpena, A. C., Clares, B., Ramos, A., & Martı́, M. (2025) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation · doi:10.1007/s12247-025-09995-2
Haftek, M. (2025) · EMC - Cosmétologie et dermatologie esthétique · doi:10.1016/s2211-0380(25)49226-6
Skin Sentinels: Defensive Effector Molecules Produced by the Skin Microbiome
McArthur, O. D., & Kalan, L. (2025) · Current Clinical Microbiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40588-025-00256-x
Haftek, M. (2026) · EMC - Cosmetologia Medica e Medicina degli Inestetismi Cutanei · doi:10.1016/s1776-0313(26)51473-4
Total synthesis of novel (6R)-hydroxy-D-erythro-sphingosine-like analogues
Spačeková, K., Raschmanová, J. Š., Tvrdoňová, M., Pilátová, M. B., Medvecová, V., Kuchár, J., & Martinková, M. (2026) · Tetrahedron · doi:10.1016/j.tet.2026.135358
Chloramphenicol Application Onto the Eyelid: Transfersomes for Enhanced Skin Delivery
Grygor’yeva, L., Carvalheiro, M. C., Marto, J. M., & Simões, S. (2026) · AAPS PharmSciTech · doi:10.1208/s12249-026-03481-9
Beres, R. L., Setchell, K. D. R., Mouzaki, M., & Zhao, X. (2026) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm16070391
Yan, X., Fang, Z., Yi, M., Zhou, L., He, H., & Jia, Y. (2026) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-026-06779-6
Eichner, A., Hauß, T., Havrišák, T., Demé, B., & Opálka, L. (2026) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127469
Metadata
- Authors
- van Smeden, J., Hoppel, L., van der Heijden, R., Hankemeier, T., Vreeken, R. J., & Bouwstra, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre (NL)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Bouwstra, Joke A.
- Venue
- Journal of Lipid Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1211-1221
- ISSN
- 0022-2275 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3090242
- OpenAlex
- W2013685381
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 9.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2017-02-01)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Lipid Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sphingolipid Metabolism and Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- ceramide, stratum corneum, skin barrier function, dihydrosphingosine, lipidomics, LC-MS method development, tape stripping, skin explants
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ceramides, Chromatography, Liquid, Humans, Male, Skin, Specimen Handling, Mass Spectrometry, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Tissue Culture Techniques, Lipid Metabolism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
