The DOI matches its Crossref record; 99 of the 99 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bile acids as regulatory molecules
Open accessAbstract
In the past, bile acids were considered to be just detergent molecules derived from cholesterol in the liver. They were known to be important for the solubilization of cholesterol in the gallbladder and for stimulating the absorption of cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins, and lipids from the intestines. However, during the last two decades, it has been discovered that bile acids are regulatory molecules. Bile acids have been discovered to activate specific nuclear receptors (farnesoid X receptor, preganane X receptor, and vitamin D receptor), G protein coupled receptor TGR5 (TGR5), and cell signaling pathways (c-jun N-terminal kinase 1/2, AKT, and ERK 1/2) in cells in the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Activation of nuclear receptors and cell signaling pathways alter the expression of numerous genes encoding enzyme/proteins involved in the regulation of bile acid, glucose, fatty acid, lipoprotein synthesis, metabolism, transport, and energy metabolism. They also play a role in the regulation of serum triglyceride levels in humans and rodents. Bile acids appear to function as nutrient signaling molecules primarily during the feed/fast cycle as there is a flux of these molecules returning from the intestines to the liver following a meal. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of how bile acids regulate hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism through the activation of specific nuclear receptors and cell signaling pathways.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This process is controlled by a negative-feedback loop through the activation of the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in the ileum and liver (7, 8).”
In the citing paper
“BAs are synthesized from cholesterol by CYP7A1 in the liver and play a central role in cholesterol homoeostasis (8).”
In the citing paper
“Bile acids are cholesterol metabolites that facilitate the absorption of dietary fat and fat-soluble molecules and are now also recognized as regulators of energy metabolism through activation of the receptors TGR5 and FXR (Hylemon et al., 2009; Lefebvre et al., 2009).”
From Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation (2015) · cites this paper as Hylemon et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“Following systemic adsorption, some secondary BAs in turn impact host physiology though interaction with a variety of host nuclear receptors including FXR, liver X receptor (LXR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and specific G-protein coupled receptors like TGR5 (Figure 1)40–44.”
From Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease. (2020) · cites this paper as [40]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Orphan Receptor Small Heterodimer Partner Is an Important Mediator of Glucose Homeostasis
Wang, L., Huang, J., Saha, P., Kulkarni, R., Hu, M., Kim, Y., Park, K., Chan, L., Rajan, A. S., Lee, I. K., et al. (2006) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2006-0224 · Cited by 41
RetractedInternational Union of Pharmacology: Approaches to the Nomenclature of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
Catterall, W. A., Chandy, K. G., Clapham, D. E., Gutman, G. A., Hofmann, F., Harmar, A. J., Abernethy, D. R., & Spedding, M. (2003) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.55.4.5 · Cited by 7,126
SREBPs: activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver
Horton, J. D., Goldstein, J. L., & Brown, M. S. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci15593 · Cited by 4,794
SREBPs: activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver
Horton, J. D., Goldstein, J. L., & Brown, M. S. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci0215593 · Cited by 4,092
Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria
Ridlon, J. M., Kang, D.-J., & Hylemon, P. B. (2006) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r500013-jlr200 · Cited by 2,829
Self-citationIdentification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids
Makishima, M., Okamoto, A. Y., Repa, J. J., Tu, H., Learned, R. M., Luk, A., Hull, M. V., Lustig, K. D., Mangelsdorf, D. J., & Shan, B. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5418.1362 · Cited by 2,714
Bile Acids: Natural Ligands for an Orphan Nuclear Receptor
Parks, D. J., Blanchard, S. G., Bledsoe, R. K., Chandra, G., Consler, T. G., Kliewer, S. A., Stimmel, J. B., Willson, T. M., Zavacki, A. M., Moore, D. D., et al. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5418.1365 · Cited by 2,274
Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation
Watanabe, M., Houten, S. M., Mataki, C., Christoffolete, M. A., Kim, B. W., Sato, H., Messaddeq, N., Harney, J. W., Ezaki, O., Kodama, T., et al. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04330 · Cited by 2,220
The Enzymes, Regulation, and Genetics of Bile Acid Synthesis
Russell, D. W. (2003) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712 · Cited by 2,069
A regulatory cascade of the nuclear receptors FXR, SHP-1, and LRH-1 represses bile acid biosynthesis
Goodwin, B., Jones, S. A., Price, R. R., Watson, M. A., McKee, D. D., Moore, L. B., Galardi, C., Wilson, J. G., Lewis, M. C., Roth, M. E., et al. (2000) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)00051-4 · Cited by 1,940
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism
Tremaroli, V., & Bäckhed, F. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11552 · Cited by 4,387
Sayin, S. I., Wahlström, A., Felin, J., Jäntti, S., Marschall, H.-U., Bamberg, K., Angelin, B., Hyötyläinen, T., Orešič, M., & Bäckhed, F. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.01.003 · Cited by 2,331
Bile acid-microbiota crosstalk in gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis
Jia, W., Xie, G., & Jia, W. (2018) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.119 · Cited by 1,924
Gut microbiota in cardiovascular health and disease
Tang, W. H. W., Kitai, T., & Hazen, S. L. (2017) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.117.309715 · Cited by 1,670
Bile Acid Metabolism and Signaling
Chiang, J. Y. L. (2013) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c120023 · Cited by 1,662
Metadata
- Authors
- Hylemon, P. B., Zhou, H., Pandak, W. M., Ren, S., Gil, G., & Dent, P.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hylemon, Phillip B.
- Venue
- Journal of Lipid Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1509-1520
- ISSN
- 0022-2275 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2724047
- OpenAlex
- W2165877587
- Cited by
- 694
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 3.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Lipid Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01 DK52825, R01DK052825, DK-057543, R01DK057543)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
- Keywords
- bile acids, bile acid signaling, farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, vitamin D receptor, TGR5, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, Akt signaling, ERK signaling, hepatic lipid metabolism, hepatic glucose metabolism, nutrient sensing, serum triglycerides, bile acid transport, energy metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bile, Bile Acids and Salts, Digestion, Enterohepatic Circulation, Fibroblast Growth Factors, Humans, Liver, Signal Transduction, Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Gastrointestinal Tract, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
