The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Glucocorticoids and the Th1/Th2 Balance
Abstract
A bstract: Evidence accumulated over the last 5‐10 years indicates that glucocorticoids (GCs) inhibit the production of interleukin (IL)‐12, interferon (IFN)‐γ, IFN‐α, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α by antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) and T helper (Th)1 cells, but upregulate the production of IL‐4, IL‐10, and IL‐13 by Th2 cells. Through this mechanism increased levels of GCs may systemically cause a selective suppression of the Th1‐cellular immunity axis, and a shift toward Th2‐mediated humoral immunity, rather than generalized immunosuppression. During an immune response and inflammation, the activation of the stress system, and thus increased levels of systemic GCs through induction of a Th2 shift, may actually protect the organism from systemic “overshooting” with Th1/pro‐inflammatory cytokines and other products of activated macrophages with tissue‐damaging potential. However, conditions associated with significant changes of GCs levels, such as acute or chronic stress or cessation of chronic stress, severe exercise, and pregnancy and postpartum, through modulation of the Th1/Th2 balance may affect the susceptibility to or the course of infections as well as autoimmune and atopic/allergic diseases.
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Citations
Cites
The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis and Immune-Mediated Inflammation
Chrousos, G. P. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199505183322008 · Cited by 2,579
Psychological Stress and Susceptibility to the Common Cold
Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., & Smith, A. P. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199108293250903 · Cited by 1,712
Stress Hormones, Proinflammatory and Antiinflammatory Cytokines, and Autoimmunity
ELENKOV, I. J., & CHROUSOS, G. P. (2002) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04229.x · Cited by 983
Self-citationKristo, C., Godang, K., Ueland, T., Lien, E., Aukrust, P., Froland, S., & Bollerslev, J. (2002) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1460389 · Cited by 45
Cited by
Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation
Mosser, D. M., & Edwards, J. P. (2008) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2448 · Cited by 9,144
Immune regulation by glucocorticoids
Cain, D. W., & Cidlowski, J. A. (2017) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2017.1 · Cited by 1,846
Annexin A1 and glucocorticoids as effectors of the resolution of inflammation
Perretti, M., & D'Acquisto, F. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2470 · Cited by 915
Dhabhar, F. S. (2009) · Neuroimmunomodulation · doi:10.1159/000216188 · Cited by 903
Stress and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in the developmental course of schizophrenia
Walker, E., Mittal, V., & Tessner, K. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141248 · Cited by 615
Metadata
- Authors
- ELENKOV, I. J.
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-06
- Volume
- 1024
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 138-146
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W2167012568
- Cited by
- 612
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 7.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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