Cited by 983Stress Responses and CortisolAdrenal Hormones and DisordersCytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions

Stress Hormones, Proinflammatory and Antiinflammatory Cytokines, and Autoimmunity

ELENKOV, ILIA J., CHROUSOS, GEORGE P.·2002·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Abstract

A bstract : Recent evidence indicates that glucocorticoids and catecholamines, the major stress hormones, inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)‐12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and interferon (IFN)‐γ, whereas they stimulate the production of antiinflammatory cytokines, such as IL‐10, IL‐4, and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β. Thus, systemically, an excessive immune response, through activation of the stress system, stimulates an important negative feedback mechanism, which protects the organism from an “overshoot” of proinflammatory cytokines and other products of activated macrophages with tissue‐damaging potential. Conversely, in certain local responses and under certain conditions, stress hormones actually may boost regional immune responses, through induction of TNF‐α, IL‐1, and IL‐8, and by inhibiting TGF‐β production. Therefore, conditions that are associated with significant changes in stress system activity, such as acute or chronic stress, cessation of chronic stress, severe exercise, and pregnancy and the postpartum period, through modulation of the systemic or local pro/antiinflammatory cytokine balance, may suppress or potentiate autoimmune diseases activity and/or progression.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04229.x

Cites

76 of 76 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 77 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
ELENKOV, I. J., & CHROUSOS, G. P.
Affiliations
National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author
ELENKOV, ILIA J.
Venue
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2002-06
Volume
966
Issue
1
Pages
290-303
ISSN
  • 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
  • 1749-6632
OpenAlex
W1987912134
Cited by
983
References
77
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 52
FWCI
4.21
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
Keywords
stress hormones, glucocorticoids, catecholamines, inflammatory cytokines, autoimmunity, autoimmune disease, IL-12, TNF-α, interferon-gamma, IL-10, TGF-beta, negative feedback regulation, chronic stress, physical activity, pregnancy, postpartum period
MeSH terms
Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, Catecholamines, Feedback, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Macrophage Activation, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Puerperal Disorders, Rats, Inbred Lew, Stress, Physiological, Sympathetic Nervous System, Neuroimmunomodulation, Autoimmunity, Cytokines, Antigen Presentation, Th1 Cells, Th2 Cells, Models, Immunological, Inflammation Mediators, Rats

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review