The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress in Police and Other First Responders
Open accessAbstract
We provide an overview of previous research conducted by our group on risk and resilience factors for PTSD symptoms in police and other first responders. Based on our work, the findings of other investigators on individual differences in risk for PTSD, and drawing on preclinical studies fear conditioning and extinction, we propose a conceptual model for the development of PTSD symptoms emphasizing the role of vulnerability and resilience to peritraumatic panic reactions. We tested this conceptual model in a cross-sectional sample of police officers (n = 715). Utilizing an hierarchical linear regression model we were able to explain 39.7% of the variance in PTSD symptoms. Five variables remained significant in the final model; greater peritraumatic distress (beta = 0.240, P < .001), greater peritraumatic dissociation (beta = 0.174, P < .001), greater problem-solving coping (beta = 0.103, P < .01), greater routine work environment stress (beta = 0.182, P < .001), and lower levels of social support (beta = -0.246, P < .001). These results were largely consistent with the proposed conceptual model. Next steps in this line of research will be to test this model prospectively in a sample of 400 police academy recruits assessed during training and currently being followed for the first 2 years of police service.
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“For example, irregular working hours, overtime, and rotating shifts alter circadian rhythms, which can lead to sleep disruptions [32] and increased PTSD vulnerability [44].”
From Canadian Public Safety Personnel and Occupational Stressors: How PSP Interpret Stressors on Duty (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
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“municipal/provincial police may have more access to structural and social supports from consistent urban deployment, whereas RCMP relocate frequently and often to rural areas, which would have less access to such supports.53,54”
From Mental Disorder Symptoms among Public Safety Personnel in Canada (2018) · cites this paper as [53]
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Citations
Cites
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“…as one’s perception of perceived threat at the time of the event have been shown to have strong associations with PTSD symptoms.11–13 Indeed, in a meta-analysis of risk factors for PTSD, Ozer et al. (2003)14 found peritraumatic dissociation was found to be the strongest predictor of PTSD symptoms.”
BackgroundSelf-citationGazzaniga, M. S., & Bizzi, E. (2000) · Cited by 2,547
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Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 49 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- 10.1097/00005053-200304000-00004 · DOI
- Siegmund A., 2005, Towards and animal model of PTSD., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
- 10.1002/jts.2490090107 · DOI
- Hogan R., 1992, Hogan Assessment Systems
- Ballenger J., 2006, Patterns and predictors of alcohol use in urban police officers, J. Addict. Behav.
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Cited by
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Items 401–411 of 411
Hong, E., Park, S., Son, G., Choi, H., & Choi, K. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1819655
Chapter 12. Adult Psychiatric Evaluation
Katz, C. L., & Stoddard, F. J. (2024) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780873182539.lg12
Malik, A. (2026) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paag040
Alpay, E. H., Çakır, R., & Usluoğlu, F. (2026) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2026.12077
Compassion fatigue and moral strain in policing
Floyd, C., & BURT, C. H. (2026) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102725
Xavier, M., Mocaiber, I., Fernandes, O., Portugal, L. C. L., Machado, A. V., Volchan, E., Berger, W., Muchaluat-Saade, D. C., David, I. A., Gonçalves, R., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2715185
Eye-tracking and cognitive patterns in post-traumatic stress disorder: a scoping review
Diotaiuti, P., Spica, G., Siena, F. D., Cavicchiolo, E., de Souza, L. C., Andrade, A., & Mancone, S. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2703319
Telle, É., Cornez, F., Pham, T. H., & Vicenzutto, A. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23101260
Edri‐Peer, O., & Cohen, N. (2026) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2026.2744322
Meyer, T. (2015) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20150423tm
Predicting Postraumatic Stress Disorder in Single-Incident Trauma Survivors with an Acute Injury
Hunt, J. C. (2015) · UWM Digital Commons (University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)
Metadata
- Authors
- MARMAR, C. R., McCASLIN, S. E., METZLER, T. J., BEST, S., WEISS, D. S., FAGAN, J., LIBERMAN, A., POLE, N., OTTE, C., YEHUDA, R., MOHR, D., & NEYLAN, T.
- Affiliations
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- National Institute of Justice (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- MARMAR, CHARLES R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-07
- Volume
- 1071
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-18
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W2098360939
- Cited by
- 409
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH56350, R01MH056350)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Performance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, police officers, first responders, peritraumatic dissociation, peritraumatic distress, resilience, fear conditioning, fear extinction, social support, coping, PTSD risk factors, conceptual model
- MeSH terms
- Data Collection, Disasters, Humans, Individuality, Models, Psychological, Predictive Value of Tests, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Police
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