Updated Diagnostic Criteria and Staging System for Multiple Myeloma
Abstract
There has been remarkable progress made in the diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). The median survival of the disease has doubled as a result of several new active drugs. These advances have necessitated a revision of the disease definition and staging of MM. Until recently, MM was defined by the presence of end-organ damage, specifically hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, and bone lesions (CRAB features) that can be attributed to the clonal process. In 2014, the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) updated the diagnostic criteria for MM to add three specific biomarkers that can be used to diagnose the disease in patients who did not have CRAB features: clonal bone marrow plasma cells greater than or equal to 60%, serum free light chain (FLC) ratio greater than or equal to 100 provided involved FLC level is 100 mg/L or higher, or more than one focal lesion on MRI. In addition, the definition was revised to allow CT and PET-CT to diagnose MM bone disease. These changes enable early diagnosis and allow the initiation of effective therapy to prevent the development of end-organ damage for patients who are at the highest risk. A new staging system has been developed that incorporates high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities in addition to standard laboratory markers of prognosis.
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The 5-year survival rates among patients with Stage I, II, and III RISS were 82%, 62%, and 40%, respectively.
“The 5 year survival rates among the patients with Stage I, II, and III RISS were 82%, 62%, and 40%, respectively [20].”
From Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
In an international clinical trial with 3060 participants, for stage I disease, overall survival and progression-free survival at five years were 82% and 55%, respectively; median PFS was 66 months, and OS was not reached.
“In an international clinical trial with 3060 participants, for those with stage I disease, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) at five years was 82% and 55%, respectively. Median PFS was 66 months, and OS was not reached.”
From Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
For Stage III disease, OS and PFS at five years were 40% and 24%, median PFS 29 months, and OS 43 months.
“For Stage III disease, these values were 40%, 24%—29 months and 43 months, respectively.”
From Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
For Stage II disease, OS and PFS at five years were 62% and 36%, median PFS 42 months, and OS 83 months.
“For Stage II disease, these values were 62% and 36%, 42 months and 83 months, respectively.”
From Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
Both the ISS and DSS systems assess tumor burden, but neither takes into consideration the biology of the disease, which determines overall survival.
“Both the ISS and DSS systems assess the tumor burden, but neither ISS nor DSS takes into consideration the biology of the disease, which determines the overall survival [20,21,22].”
From Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
The revised ISS adds prognostic information such as LDH levels and chromosomal abnormalities detected via FISH.
“The revised ISS adds prognostic information such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and chromosomal abnormalities detected via FISH.”
From Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
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Challenges, Difficulties, and Delayed Diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma
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PVR (CD155) Expression as a Potential Prognostic Marker in Multiple Myeloma
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Whole body imaging in musculoskeletal oncology: when, why, and how
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Dynamics of Bone Disease Biomarkers Dickkopf-1 and Sclerostin in Patients with Multiple Myeloma
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Multiple Myeloma: Improved Outcomes Resulting from a Rapidly Expanding Number of Therapeutic Options
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A polygenic risk score for multiple myeloma risk prediction
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- Authors
- Rajkumar, S. V.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rajkumar, S. Vincent
- ORCID
- Rajkumar, S. Vincent
- Venue
- American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 36
- Pages
- e418-e423
- ISSN
- 1548-8748 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-8756
- OpenAlex
- W4245689579
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14
- FWCI
- 2.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Bone health and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research
- Keywords
- multiple myeloma, diagnostic criteria, disease staging, serum free light chain ratio, bone lesions, high-risk cytogenetics, prognosis
- MeSH terms
- Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography, Bone Marrow Cells, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multiple Myeloma, Neoplasm Staging
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