The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Updated Diagnostic Criteria and Staging System for Multiple Myeloma
Abstract
There has been remarkable progress made in the diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). The median survival of the disease has doubled as a result of several new active drugs. These advances have necessitated a revision of the disease definition and staging of MM. Until recently, MM was defined by the presence of end-organ damage, specifically hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, and bone lesions (CRAB features) that can be attributed to the clonal process. In 2014, the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) updated the diagnostic criteria for MM to add three specific biomarkers that can be used to diagnose the disease in patients who did not have CRAB features: clonal bone marrow plasma cells greater than or equal to 60%, serum free light chain (FLC) ratio greater than or equal to 100 provided involved FLC level is 100 mg/L or higher, or more than one focal lesion on MRI. In addition, the definition was revised to allow CT and PET-CT to diagnose MM bone disease. These changes enable early diagnosis and allow the initiation of effective therapy to prevent the development of end-organ damage for patients who are at the highest risk. A new staging system has been developed that incorporates high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities in addition to standard laboratory markers of prognosis.
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In the citing paper
“The 5 year survival rates among the patients with Stage I, II, and III RISS were 82%, 62%, and 40%, respectively [20].”
From Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“In an international clinical trial with 3060 participants, for those with stage I disease, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) at five years was 82% and 55%, respectively. Median PFS was 66 months, and OS was not reached.”
From Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“For Stage III disease, these values were 40%, 24%—29 months and 43 months, respectively.”
From Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“For Stage II disease, these values were 62% and 36%, 42 months and 83 months, respectively.”
From Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Both the ISS and DSS systems assess the tumor burden, but neither ISS nor DSS takes into consideration the biology of the disease, which determines the overall survival [20,21,22].”
From Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“The revised ISS adds prognostic information such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and chromosomal abnormalities detected via FISH.”
From Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
Citations
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Treatment of Multiple Myeloma: ASCO and CCO Joint Clinical Practice Guideline
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Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma
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Dimopoulos, M. A., Hungria, V., Radinoff, A., Delimpasi, S., Mikala, G., Masszi, T., Li, J., Capra, M., Maiolino, Â., Pappa, V., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Haematology · doi:10.1016/s2352-3026(23)00243-0 · Cited by 146
Metadata
- Authors
- Rajkumar, S. V.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rajkumar, S. Vincent
- ORCID
- Rajkumar, S. Vincent
- Venue
- American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 36
- Pages
- e418-e423
- ISSN
- 1548-8748 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-8756
- OpenAlex
- W4245689579
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14
- FWCI
- 2.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Bone health and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research
- Keywords
- multiple myeloma, diagnostic criteria, disease staging, serum free light chain ratio, bone lesions, high-risk cytogenetics, prognosis
- MeSH terms
- Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography, Bone Marrow Cells, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multiple Myeloma, Neoplasm Staging
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