Cited by 111Developmental and Educational NeuropsychologyChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Object Classification Task for Children (OCTC): A Measure of Concept Generation and Mental Flexibility in Early Childhood

Open access

Smidts, Diana P., Jacobs, Rani, Anderson, Vicki·2004·Developmental Neuropsychology

DOI 10.1207/s15326942dn2601_2

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

In this study, the development of concept generation and mental flexibility was investigated in 84 Australian children between 3 and 7 years of age, using the Object Classification Task for Children (OCTC), a newly developed executive function test for use with young children. On this task, which was adapted from the Concept Generation Test (Levine, Stuss, & Milberg, 1995) and the Concept Generation Test for Children (Jacobs, Anderson, & Harvey, 2001), children were asked to categorize 6 plastic toys according to 3 predetermined groupings (i.e., color, size, and function). The test included 3 performance levels, each providing increasing levels of structure for the child. Findings from the OCTC show meaningful age-related changes in performance across age groups, with older children being less dependent on additional structure to complete the task, in comparison to younger children. Furthermore, findings from this study suggest that the ability to generate concepts emerges between 3 and 4 years of age, continuing to develop beyond the age of 7 years. A developmental spurt in cognitive flexibility was observed around 4 to 5 years of age, with refinement of this capacity occurring between 5 and 7 years of age. Results suggest that the OCTC is a useful measure of conceptual reasoning skills in early childhood.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1207/s15326942dn2601_2

Cites

47 of 47 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Untitled work
(1998) · Cited by 4,172
The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery: Theory and clinical interpretation
Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. E. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,413
The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex
Damasio, A. R. (1996) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1996.0125 · Cited by 2,847 · cited 1×
“In addition, executive skills are also implicated in social–emotional processes, such as the modulation of emotions, personal and social decision making, perspective taking, affect, and social self-awareness (e.g., Anderson, Bechara, Damasio, Tranel, & Damasio, 1999; Anderson, Damasio, Tranel, & Damasio, 2000; Barrash…”
A Modified Card Sorting Test Sensitive to Frontal Lobe Defects
Nelson, H. E. (1976) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(76)80035-4 · Cited by 2,454
A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking
Berg, E. A. (1948) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1948.9918159 · Cited by 2,255
A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card-sorting problem.
Grant, D. A., & Berg, E. (1948) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0059831 · Cited by 2,244
Studies in cognitive growth
Bruner, J. S., Olver, R. R., & Greenfield, P. M. (1966) · Cited by 2,002
The Working Brain
Luria, A. R. (1973) · Cited by 1,861
Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex
Anderson, S. W., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/14833 · Cited by 1,539
Severe disturbance of higher cognition after bilateral frontal lobe ablation: Patient EVR
Eslinger, P. J., & Damasio, A. R. (1985) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.35.12.1731 · Cited by 1,426 · cited 1×
“…(e.g., Anderson, Bechara, Damasio, Tranel, & Damasio, 1999; Anderson, Damasio, Tranel, & Damasio, 2000; Barrash, Tranel, & Anderson, 2000; Benton, 1991; Damasio, 1998; Eslinger, Biddle, & Grattan, 1997; Eslinger & Damasio, 1985; Eslinger, Grattan, Damasio, & Damasio, 1992; Stuss & Alexander, 2000).”

Show all 50 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

10.1037//0894-4105.7.4.519 · DOI
Flavell, J. H. (1985). Cognitive development (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Goldstein, K. H. & Scheerer, M. (1953). Tests of abstract and concrete behavior. In A. Weidner (Ed.), Contributions to medical psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 702-730). New York: Ronald.
Laine, M. (1988). Correlates of word fluency performance. In P. Koivuselka-Sallinen & L. Sarajarvi (Eds.), Studies in languages (No. 12). Joensuu, Finland: University of Joensuu, Faculty of Arts.
Stuss, D. T. & Benson, D. F. (1987). The frontal lobes and control of cognition and memory. In E. Perecman (Ed.), The frontal lobes revisited (pp. 141-158). NewYork: IRBN Press.

Sorted by citations

Short-term memory, working memory, and executive functioning in preschoolers: Longitudinal predictors of mathematical achievement at age 7 years
Bull, R., Espy, K. A., & Wiebe, S. A. (2008) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640801982312 · Cited by 1,544
The Contribution of Executive Functions to Emergent Mathematic Skills in Preschool Children
Espy, K. A., McDiarmid, M. M., Cwik, M. F., Stalets, M. M., Hamby, A., & Senn, T. E. (2004) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2601_6 · Cited by 687
Executive function in early childhood: Longitudinal measurement invariance and developmental change.
Willoughby, M. T., Family Life Project Investigators, Wirth, R. J., & Blair, C. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0025779 · Cited by 413
Developing Cognitive Control
Munakata, Y., Snyder, H. R., & Chatham, C. H. (2012) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412436807 · Cited by 418
Executive function and academic achievement: Longitudinal relations from early childhood to adolescence.
Ahmed, S. F., Tang, S., Waters, N. E., & Davis-Kean, P. (2019) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000296 · Cited by 293
Assessing Executive Function in Preschoolers
Anderson, P. J., & Reidy, N. (2012) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9220-3 · Cited by 293
Executive Functions in Preschool Children with Aggressive Behavior: Impairments in Inhibitory Control
Raaijmakers, M. A. J., Smidts, D. P., Sergeant, J. A., Maassen, G. H., Posthumus, J. A., van Engeland, H., & Matthys, W. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9235-7 · Cited by 304
Self-citation
Assessment of executive function in preschool‐aged children
Isquith, P. Κ., Crawford, J. S., Espy, K. A., & Gioia, G. A. (2005) · Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/mrdd.20075 · Cited by 263
Insights From Cognitive Neuroscience: The Importance of Executive Function for Early Reading Development and Education
Cartwright, K. B. (2012) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2011.615025 · Cited by 276
Executive Function in Very Preterm Children at Early School Age
Aarnoudse-Moens, C. S. H., Smidts, D. P., Oosterlaan, J., Duivenvoorden, H. J., & Weisglas‐Kuperus, N. (2009) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9327-z · Cited by 233
Self-citation
Less-structured time in children's daily lives predicts self-directed executive functioning
Barker, J. E., Semenov, A. D., Michaelson, L., Provan, L. S., Snyder, H. R., & Munakata, Y. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00593 · Cited by 247
The Development of Executive Function
Müller, U., & Kerns, K. A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy214 · Cited by 176
The processes underlying flexibility in childhood
Cragg, L., & Chevalier, N. (2009) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210903204618 · Cited by 187
Behavior Ratings of Executive Function among Preschoolers with ADHD
Mahone, E. M., & Hoffman, J. (2007) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040600762724 · Cited by 171
Using Developmental, Cognitive, and Neuroscience Approaches to Understand Executive Control in Young Children
Espy, K. A. (2004) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2601_1 · Cited by 150
Setting goals to switch between tasks: Effect of cue transparency on children’s cognitive flexibility.
Chevalier, N., & Blaye, A. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015409 · Cited by 158
Executive functions and social competence in young children 6 months following traumatic brain injury.
Ganesalingam, K., Yeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., Walz, N. C., Stancin, T., & Wade, S. L. (2011) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0022768 · Cited by 128
Executive Function Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Young Children: A Five Year Follow-Up
Nadebaum, C., Anderson, V. A., & Catroppa, C. (2007) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640701376086 · Cited by 124
Self-citation
Healthy and abnormal development of the prefrontal cortex
Spencer‐Smith, M. M., & Anderson, V. A. (2009) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518420903090701 · Cited by 117
Self-citation
Children's executive functions: Are they poorer after very early brain insult
Anderson, V. A., Spencer‐Smith, M. M., Coleman, L. T., Anderson, P. J., Williams, J., Greenham, M., Leventer, R. J., & Jacobs, R. K. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.025 · Cited by 127
Self-citation
Cognitive flexibility in preschoolers: the role of representation activation and maintenance
Chevalier, N., & Blaye, A. (2008) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00679.x · Cited by 112
Selective Changes in Executive Functioning Ten Years After Severe Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury
Beauchamp, M., Catroppa, C., Godfrey, C., Morse, S., Rosenfeld, J. V., & Anderson, V. (2011) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2011.555572 · Cited by 104
Self-citation
Language proficiency and executive control in bilingual children
Iluz-Cohen, P., & Armon-Lotem, S. (2013) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728912000788 · Cited by 108
Does Early Age at Brain Insult Predict Worse Outcome? Neuropsychological Implications
Anderson, V. A., Jacobs, R. K., Spencer‐Smith, M. M., Coleman, L. T., Anderson, P. J., Williams, J., Greenham, M., & Leventer, R. J. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp100 · Cited by 98
Self-citation
Desarrollo de funciones ejecutivas, de la niñez a la juventud
Flóres-Lázaro, J. C., Castillo-Preciado, R. E., & Jiménez-Miramonte, N. A. (2014) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.30.2.155471 · Cited by 103
Les fonctions exécutives chez l'enfant: Concepts et développement.
Chevalier, N. (2010) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0020031 · Cited by 128
Spatial Thinking in Geographic Information Science: Students' Geospatial Conceptions, Map-Based Reasoning, and Spatial Visualization Ability
Ishikawa, T. (2015) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/00045608.2015.1064342 · Cited by 55
The Development of Flexibility and Abstraction in Preschool Children
Bennett, J., & Müller, U. (2010) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.2010.0004 · Cited by 46
Categorical flexibility in preschoolers: contributions of conceptual knowledge and executive control
Blaye, A., & Jacques, S. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00832.x · Cited by 46
Sorting between dimensions: Conditions of cognitive flexibility in preschoolers
Kloo, D., Perner, J., Kerschhuber, A., Dabernig, S., & Aichhorn, M. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2007.12.003 · Cited by 46
Developing Self‐Directed Executive Functioning: Recent Findings and Future Directions
Barker, J. E., & Munakata, Y. (2015) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12071 · Cited by 49
Childhood rituals and executive functions
Tregay, J., Gilmour, J. D., & Charman, T. (2008) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151008x299737 · Cited by 46
Working Memory, Executive Functioning, and Children's Mathematics
Bull, R., & Espy, K. A. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012554465-8/50006-5 · Cited by 40
Social competence in early childhood: An empirical validation of the SOCIAL model
Tuerk, C., Anderson, V. A., Bernier, A., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2020) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12230 · Cited by 54
Self-citation
Le développement de la flexibilité cognitive chez l’enfant préscolaire : enjeux théoriques
Chevalier, N., & Blaye, A. (2006) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503306004040 · Cited by 37
Executive function outcomes of children with traumatic brain injury sustained before three years
Crowe, L. M., Catroppa, C., Babl, F. E., & Anderson, V. A. (2012) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2011.651079 · Cited by 34
Self-citation
Switch detection in preschoolers’ cognitive flexibility
Chevalier, N., Wiebe, S. A., Huber, K. L., & Espy, K. A. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.01.006 · Cited by 31
Dyadic Collaboration Among Preschool-Age Children and the Benefits of Working With a More Socially Advanced Peer
Park, J., & Lee, J. (2015) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2015.995567 · Cited by 28
So many options, so little control: Abstract representations can reduce selection demands to increase children’s self-directed flexibility
Snyder, H. R., & Munakata, Y. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2013.07.010 · Cited by 28
The Multidimensional Card Selection Task: A new way to measure concurrent cognitive flexibility in preschoolers
Podjarny, G., Kamawar, D., & Andrews, K. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.02.006 · Cited by 24
Conceptual abilities of children with mild intellectual disability: Analysis of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance
Gligorović, M., & Buha, N. S. (2013) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2013.772956 · Cited by 24
Executive Function, Disability, and Agency
Timpe, K. (2016) · Res Philosophica · doi:10.11612/resphil.1451 · Cited by 22
What’s That You’re Saying? Children With Better Executive Functioning Produce and Repair Communication More Effectively
Bacso, S. A., & Nilsen, E. S. (2017) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2017.1336438 · Cited by 20
The Role of Cognitive Flexibility in Pattern Understanding
Bock, A., Cartwright, K. B., González, C. A., O’Brien, S. E., Robinson, M. F., Schmerold, K. L., Shriver, A., & Pasnak, R. (2015) · Journal of Education and Human Development · doi:10.15640/jehd.v4n1a3 · Cited by 21
Cognitive flexibility training has direct and near transfer effects, but no far transfer effects, in preschoolers
van Bers, B. M. C. W., van Schijndel, T. J. P., Visser, I., & Raijmakers, M. E. J. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104809 · Cited by 23
Preschoolers’ use of feedback for flexible behavior: Insights from a computational model
Chevalier, N., Dauvier, B., & Blaye, A. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2009.03.002 · Cited by 20
Cognitive flexibility supports preschoolers’ detection of communicative ambiguity
Gillis, R. L., & Nilsen, E. S. (2014) · First Language · doi:10.1177/0142723714521839 · Cited by 20
Executive Function and Academic Achievement: Longitudinal Relations from Early Childhood to Adolescence.Preprint
Ahmed, S. F., Tang, S., Waters, N. E., & Davis-Kean, P. E. (2018) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xd5jy · Cited by 27
Developmental stage affects cognition in children with recently-diagnosed symptomatic focal epilepsy
Gonzalez, L., Embuldeniya, U. S., Harvey, A. S., Wrennall, J. A., Testa, R., Anderson, V. A., & WOOD, A. G. (2014) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.08.006 · Cited by 19
Self-citation
Attentional Control Ten Years Post-Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury: The Impact of Lesion Presence, Location, and Severity in Adolescence and Early Adulthood
Cooper, J. M., Catroppa, C., Beauchamp, M. H., Eren, S., Godfrey, C., Ditchfield, M. R., & Anderson, V. A. (2013) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2013.3101 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
A FISTful of Emotion: Individual Differences in Trait Anxiety and Cognitive-Affective Flexibility During Preadolescence
Mărcuș, O., Stanciu, O. M., MacLeod, C., Liebregts, H., & Visu‐Petra, L. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0110-z · Cited by 24
Assessing hot and cool executive functions in preschoolers: affective flexibility predicts emotion regulation
Martins, E. C., Mărcuș, O., Leal, J., & Visu‐Petra, L. (2018) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2018.1545765 · Cited by 24
Two birds in the hand: Concurrent and switching cognitive flexibility in preschoolers
Podjarny, G., Kamawar, D., & Andrews, K. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105418 · Cited by 17
Latent dimensions of executive functions in early childhood.
Decker, S. L., Ezrine, G. A., & Ferraracci, J. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/s40817-016-0013-0 · Cited by 18
Multisensory stimuli enhance 3-year-old children’s executive function: A three-dimensional object version of the standard Dimensional Change Card Sort
Beaucage, N., Skolney, J., Hewes, J., & Vongpaisal, T. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104694 · Cited by 13
Developmental trajectories for attention and working memory in healthy Japanese school-aged children.
Egami, C., Yamashita, Y., Tada, Y., Anai, C., Mukasa, A., Yuge, K., Nagamitsu, S., & Matsuishi, T. (2015) · Brain & development (Tokyo. 1979) · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2015.02.003 · Cited by 11
Developing Cognitive Control: The Costs and Benefits of Active, Abstract Representations
Munakata, Y., Snyder, H. R., & Chatham, C. H. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118732373.ch3 · Cited by 13
Performance of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in five-year-old children in Taiwan: Relationship to intelligence and cognitive development
Lung, F., Chen, P., & Shu, B. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202099 · Cited by 11
The role of numeracy skills on the Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) performances of 5‐ to 8‐Year‐old turkish children
Söğüt, M., Göksun, T., & Atalay, A. A. (2020) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12353 · Cited by 10
Executieve functies van geboorte tot adolescentie: een literatuuroverzicht
Smidts, D. P. (2003) · Neuropraxis · doi:10.1007/bf03099824 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
The Development of Flexible Problem Solving: An Integrative Approach
Bobrowicz, K., & Thibaut, J. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11060119 · Cited by 10
Effects of Language on the Development of Executive Functions in Preschool Children
Ezrine, G. A. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/1353148 · Cited by 7
10.5937/specedreh13-6829 = Verbal fluency in children with intellectual disability: Influence of basic executive components
Gligorović, M., & Buha, N. S. (2014) · Specijalna edukacija i rehabilitacija · doi:10.5937/specedreh13-6829 · Cited by 6
How to turn that frown upside down: Children make use of a listener’s facial cues to detect and (attempt to) repair miscommunication
Bacso, S. A., Nilsen, E. S., & Silva, J. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105097 · Cited by 6
The Influence of Context and Player Comments on Preschoolers’ Social and Partner-Directed Communicative Behavior
Valcke, A., & Nilsen, E. S. (2022) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2022.2119976 · Cited by 6
The role of cognitive flexibility in emergent literacy
Tal, D., & Shaul, S. (2024) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2024.101692 · Cited by 7
Executive functions development: A longitudinal study of children from kindergarten to third grade across varied socioeconomic backgrounds
Raz, T., & Shaul, S. (2025) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2025.101576 · Cited by 6
Language, theory of mind and cognitive skills in Arabic-speaking children with and without autism: Evidence from network and cluster analyses
El-Raziq, M. A., Saiegh‐Haddad, E., & Meir, N. (2024) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2024.106476 · Cited by 5
Exploring the development of attentional set shifting in young children with a novel Intradimensional/Extradimensional shift task
Reindl, E., Völter, C. J., Campbell-May, J., Call, J., & Seed, A. M. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105428 · Cited by 6
How should we question young children's understanding of aspectuality?
Waters, G. M., & Beck, S. R. (2011) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02044.x · Cited by 5
Children’s use of verbal and nonverbal feedback during communicative repair: Associations with executive functioning and emotion knowledge
Bacso, S. A., & Nilsen, E. S. (2022) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101199 · Cited by 7
Intelligence and executive function are associated with age at insult, time post-insult, and disability following chronic pediatric acquired brain injury
Brandt, A. E., Rø, T. B., Finnanger, T. G., Hypher, R. E., Lien, E., Lund, B., Catroppa, C., Andersson, S., Risnes, K. R., & Stubberud, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1192623 · Cited by 6
Executive Function Across Syndromes Associated with Intellectual Disabilities: A Developmental Perspective
Russo, N. N., Dawkins, T., Huizinga, M., & Burack, J. A. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195305012.013.0009 · Cited by 5
An Examination of Developmental Trajectories for Attention Skills in Children
Mckay, J., Betts, J. K., Maruff, P. T., & Anderson, V. A. (2010) · The Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist · doi:10.1375/aedp.27.2.76 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
The shifting shelf task: a new, non-verbal measure for attentional set shifting
Reindl, E., Völter, C. J., Civelek, Z., Duncan, L., Lugosi, Z., Felsche, E., Herrmann, E. M., Call, J., & Seed, A. M. (2023) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.1496 · Cited by 4
Problem solving verbal strategies in children with mild intellectual disability
Gligorović, M., & Nataša, B. (2013) · Specijalna edukacija i rehabilitacija · doi:10.5937/specedreh12-3333 · Cited by 4
Bridging the Connection between Fluency in Reading and Arithmetic
Balhinez, R., & Shaul, S. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14090835 · Cited by 5
Cognitive flexibility in children with mild intellectual disability
Gligorović, M., & Buha, N. S. (2012) · Specijalna edukacija i rehabilitacija · doi:10.5937/specedreh1202187g · Cited by 3
The Performance of Visual, Auditory, and Motor Cognitive Flexibility for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Taiwan
Lin, C.-L., Shen, C.-P., & Lin, C.-K. (2022) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s372519 · Cited by 4
Age Three: Milestone in the Development of Cognitive Flexibility
Wan, C., Cai, H., & Li, F. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14070578 · Cited by 4
Measuring on the go: Response to Morra, Panesi, Traverso, and Usai
Podjarny, G., Kamawar, D., & Andrews, K. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2018.02.002 · Cited by 3
Executive Function Development and Early Mathematics: Examination of Dual Language Learners.
Harvey, H. A. (2011) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · Cited by 3
A Tale of Two Flexibilities: Preschoolers' Developing Consecutive and Concurrent Cognitive Flexibility Skills
Podjarny, G. (2015) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2015-11015 · Cited by 3
Performances in executive functions in preschool children: relationship with children’s age and their receptive and expressive language skills
Saad, M. A. E. (2026) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2026.2696542 · Cited by 2
3-5 Year Olds’ Executive Function Performances and Its Relationship with Language Abilities
Ahçı, Z. G. (2016) · Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education · doi:10.30703/cije.321400 · Cited by 4
The Contribution of Executive Functions, Visual Processing and Reading Skills to the Performance in the Colored Raven Progressive Matrices Test: A Predictive Study among First-to-Fourth Grade Arabic-Speaking Children
Yassin, K., & Khateb, A. (2022) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2022.133068 · Cited by 2
L'épreuve de répétition de non-mots LITMUS-NWR-FR évalue-t-elle la phonologie ?
dos Santos, C., Frau, S., Labrevoit, S., & Zebib, R. (2020) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/20207810005 · Cited by 2
The clinical utility of the behavior rating inventory of executive function in preschool children with a history of perinatal stroke
Lorenzo, M. D., Desrocher, M. E., & Westmacott, R. (2021) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2021.1875828 · Cited by 2
Rehabilitation of executive functioning following pediatric traumatic brain injury: evaluating a goal management training intervention
Mahomed, A. (2015) · Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town) · Cited by 2
Teachers as First Responders
Lederman, S. G., & Torff, B. (2016) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0204-3.ch006 · Cited by 1
The Influence of Executive Function on Prospective Memory in Word- and Category-Based Tasks
Park, S. Y., & Song, H. (2019) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2019.40.5.31 · Cited by 1
Neuropsychological Deficits in Adolescents with Psychopathic Characteristics: Callous and Unemotional Symptoms
Greene, T. (2009) · Cited by 1
Children's Ability to Navigate Competitive Contexts- The Role of Gender and Socio-Cognitive Skills
Gevaux, N. S. (2019) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · Cited by 1
Développer l'esprit critique par la catégorisation multiple
Scheibling‐Sève, C. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/05ed011fz5164z41a0zaa07z3f978b0d37a1 · Cited by 1
Entre pouvoir et vouloir apprendre, évolution des relations entre les fonctions exécutives et l’apprentissage autorégulé de l’enfance à l’adolescence
Laurent, P. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/dd9f6c19zd876z40a8z97d6z71e7f3362946 · Cited by 1
Impact d'une remédiation cognitive sur les troubles du raisonnement logico-mathématique
Labie, M. (2012) · HAL
Insomnio crónico y funciones ejecutivas: Un estudio neuropsicológico
Ilioudi, C. (2013) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
A comparison of cue processing and executive functioning in child task-switching
Holt, A. E. (2011) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Age Related Changes to Correlations Between Scores Obtained on the Wechsler Intelligence Scales and the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System
Davies, M. (2005) · CommonKnowledge Research Repository (Pacific University Oregon)
Nieuw ontwikkelde Nederlandse tests voor het meten van executieve functies bij jonge kinderen
Smidts, D. P. (2005) · Neuropraxis · doi:10.1007/bf03079029
Self-citation

Authors: Smidts, D. P., Jacobs, R., & Anderson, V.
Affiliations: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
The University of Melbourne (AU)
ORCID: Smidts, Diana P.
Anderson, Vicki
Venue: Developmental Neuropsychology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2004-08
Volume: 26
Issue: 1
Pages: 385-401
ISSN: 1532-6942 (ISSN-L)
8756-5641
DOI: 10.1207/s15326942dn2601_2
OpenAlex: W1987413903
Cited by: 111
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 4.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.vu.nl
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Developmental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: idea generation, cognitive flexibility, executive function, early childhood cognitive development, conceptual reasoning, categorization, age-related development, test development
MeSH terms: Age Factors, Attention, Awareness, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Color Perception, Concept Formation, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Female, Form Perception, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Problem Solving, Reference Values, Size Perception

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Object Classification Task for Children (OCTC): A Measure of Concept Generation and Mental Flexibility in Early Childhood

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks