The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bullying, Victimization, and Sexual Harassment During the Transition to Middle School
Abstract
Bullying, in the form of physically, verbally, relationally, or sexually aversive behaviors, increases as youngsters make the transition to middle school. To date, however, policy and research in education and educational psychology has attended only minimally to the social dynamics of school organization or peer groups that may underlie this crisis. We argue that a combination of school- and peer-level factors contribute to bullying, victimization, and sexual harassment. We suggest that adolescents' exploration of new social roles and their quest for status among peers are factors motivating aggression, especially as students make the transition from primary to middle school. More disturbing, and less studied, is the finding that adults in schools have a hand, either directly or indirectly, in perpetrating these acts. Suggestions for future research to guide policy are made.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The two behaviors seem to be highly correlated, both face to face [20] and online, although in this last context, little is known [21].”
From Cybervictimization and Online Sexual Harassment: Prevalence, Association, and Predictors (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
Citations
Cites
The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674028845 · Cited by 26,084
Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7466396 · Cited by 20,065
Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy
Moffitt, T. E. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674 · Cited by 9,987
The Ecology of Human Development
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1981) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv26071r6 · Cited by 8,168
Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.
Zajonc, R. B. (1980) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.35.2.151 · Cited by 8,094
Relational Aggression, Gender, and Social-Psychological Adjustment
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00900.x · Cited by 3,954
National Center for Educational Statistics
Culpepper, J. C. (2007) · Reference Reviews · doi:10.1108/09504120710838778 · Cited by 2,039
Olweus, D. (1994) · The Plenum Series in Social/Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9116-7_5 · Cited by 1,890
The Company They Keep: Friendships and Their Developmental Significance
Hartup, W. W. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01714.x · Cited by 1,569
Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: A review.
Olweus, D. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.4.852 · Cited by 1,392
Flagged first, then by citations
7 of the 72 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 30
- Boulton M. J., 1990, Child Development, 61, 221, 10.2307/1131061 · DOI
- 10.1037//0003-066X.44.2.313 · DOI
- 10.1037//0012-1649.36.2.147 · DOI · Paper page
- Cairns, R. B. & Cairns, B. D. (1986). The developmental-interactional view of social behavior: Four issues of adolescent aggression. In D. Olweus, J. Block, & M. Radke-Yarrow (Eds.), Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior. New York: Academic.
- Coie, J., Dodge, K. & Kupersmidt, J. (1990). Peer group behavior and social status. In S. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 17-59). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Coie, J. D. & Koeppl, G. K. (1990). Adapting interventions to the problems of aggressive and disruptive rejected children. In S. R. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 309-337). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Craig, W. M., Pepler, D., Connolly, J. & Henderson, K. (2001). Developmental context of peer harassment in early adolescence: The role of puberty and peer group. In J. Juvonen & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 242-262). New York: Guilford.
- Crick N. R., 1995, Child Development, 66, 710, 10.2307/1131945 · DOI
- Crick, N. R., Nelson, D. A., Morales, J. R., Cullerton-Sen, S. & Hickman, S. E. (2001). Relational aggression in childhood and adolescence. In J. Juvonen & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 196-214). New York: Guilford.
- Eccles, J. S. & Midgley, C. (1989). Stage/environment fit: Developmentally appropriate classrooms for early adolescents. In R. Ames & C. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education (Vol. 3, pp. 139-181). New York: Academic.
- Espelage D. L., 2000, Journal of Counseling & Development, 2, 49
- Graham, S. & Juvonen, J. (1998). A social cognitive perspective on peer aggression and victimization. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development. London: Jessica Kingsley.
- Hartup, W. W. (1983). Peer relations. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 103-196). New York: Wiley.
- McGrew, W. C. (1972). Aspects of social development in nursery school children, with emphasis on introduction to the group. In N. Blurton Jones (Ed.), Ethological studies in child behaviour (pp. 129-156). London: Cambridge University Press.
- 10.1037//0033-295X.100.4.674 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037//0033-2909.86.4.852 · DOI · Paper page
- Olweus, D. (1993a). Bullies on the playground. In C. Hart (Ed.), Children on playgrounds (pp. 85-128). Albany: State University of New York Press.
- 10.1037//0022-0663.92.2.360 · DOI
- 10.1037//0022-0663.91.2.216 · DOI
- 10.1037//0012-1649.31.4.548 · DOI
- Pepler D. J., 1998, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 44, 55
- Perry, D. G., Hodges, E. V. E. & Egan, S. K. (2001). Risk and protective factors in peer victimization: A review and a new model of family influence. In J. Juvonen & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and the victimized (pp. 73-104). New York: Guilford.
- Perry D., 1990, Child Development, 61, 1289, 10.2307/1130744 · DOI
- 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:1<135::AID-AB11>3.0.CO;2-3 · DOI
- Schwartz D., 1993, Child Development, 64, 1755, 10.2307/1131467 · DOI
- 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:1<1::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-7 · DOI
- Thorne, B. (1986). Girls and boys together But mostly apart: Gender arrangements in elementary school. In W. W. Hartup and Z Rubin (Eds.), Relationships and development (pp. 167-184). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
- Vaughn B. E., 1999, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 45, 215
- 10.1037//0012-1649.17.3.275 · DOI
- 10.1037//0003-066X.35.2.151 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–388 of 388
Napolitano, S., & Susan, M. (2004)
Hurley, C. T. (2012) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Do Students Understand What Researchers Mean by Bullying
Bieber, K. E. (2013) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
Peer Sexual Harassment in Schools: A Sexual Harassment Program for 8th Grade Students
Mauragis, E. M. (2005) · SUNY Digital Repository Support (State University of New York System)
Griese, E. R. (2013) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
Bullies And Victims In Middle School
Zambo, J. J. (2010) · Human Biology
Adolescent Empathy and Conflict Resolution.
Meines, S., Poll, A. H., Reijnders, M., & Wouters, W. (2012) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Seen and Heard: Listening to Children and Creating Caring Schools
Potterton, M. (2014) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)
Margie, N. G. (2007) · University Libraries (University of Maryland)
Inmigración y educación. El conflicto en la escuela española y sus percepciones
Goicochea, M. A. D. (2011) · doi:10.14201/gredos.115582
Adolescent Females' Attraction to Male Adolescent Bullies and Victims of Bullying
Kolbert, J. B., Crothers, L. M., & Field, J. E. (2006) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1300/j202v05n01_06
The Relation Between Peer Victimization and Changes in Trauma Symptoms in Adolescents
Le, A.-T. H. (2014) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/fp79-mw06
Vilaça, S. (2013) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Middle School Responses to Cyberbullying: An Action Research Study.
Zidack, A. M. (2013) · Research Exchange (Washington State University)
STUDENTS, CYBERSAFETY, RELATIONSHIPS AND LIFE EDUCATION
McGrath, H. (2012)
MIDDLE SCHOOL TRANSITION: BUILDING A FOUNDATION OF EDUCATIONAL SUCCESS
Peck, A. W. (2015) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Bullying, cyberbullying & sexuality: “Everyone needs a good friend”
Spring, M. (2014) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
Wirta-Leiker, C. E. (2011) · Scholarship & Creative Works - Digital UNC a service of University Libraries (University of Northern Colorado)
Peer and school externalizing behaviors among early adolescents: an ecological systems analysis
Hong, J. S. (2013) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Yöndem, Z. D. (2016) · European Scientific Journal ESJ · doi:10.19044/esj.2016.v12n28p77
An Examination of Racial and Gender Differences in Styles of Bullying among Adjudicated Youth
Floyd, H. H., & Haff, D. R. (2016) · Journal of Sociology and Social Work · doi:10.15640/jssw.v4n1a5
The Impact of Interpersonal Bullying and Cyberbullying on School Avoidance
Hutzell, K. L. (2014) · doi:10.13021/mars/5384
Cunningham, L. J., Short, K. H., Scott, C. F., Vaillancourt, T., Brittain, H. L., & Bennett, L. M. (2010)
Lahan, J. S. (2012) · doi:10.2018/jsdl.v6i2.6312
Student Engagement Differences By Ethnicity And Scale For Ninth Grade Students
Fattor, M. M. (2010) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver)
Effective Dual Immersion School Transitions: An Expert Panel Synthesis
Sellards, R., Block, N. C., & Schneider, S. (2018) · Dual Language Research and Practice Journal · doi:10.21423/dlrpj-v1.a5
Go Back to Where You Came From
Hochschild, T. R., Alvarez‐Rivera, L. L., & McIntyre, R. N., Jr. (2018) · Advances in early childhood and K-12 education · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-6246-7.ch010
Conflict resolution strategies of Hong Kong aggressive youth
Gerstein, L. H., Hutchison, A. N., Chan, Y., & Fung, A. L. C. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00233-w
Cooley, J. L. (2018) · KU ScholarWorks (University of Kansas)
Behavior Specialist Experiences of Roles and Responsibilites in Inclusive Trauma Informed Schools
Jackson, S. F. (2020) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research
Çetinkaya-Yıldız, E., & Sümer, Z. (2020) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-d-18-00216 · Cited by 1
Οικογένεια και σχολικός εκφοβισμός: Ανασκόπηση των σύγχρονων ερευνών
Κάργα, Σ., & Μπίμπου-Νάκου, Ι. (2020) · Psychology the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society · doi:10.12681/psy_hps.23533
Social media engagement among early adolescents: Motivational and adjustment correlates
Swirsky, J. M. (2019) · TUScholarShare (Temple University)
Co-operative learning as a method for reducing bullying
Baker, R. (2004) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17005483.v1
Goodwin, M. H. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470773567.refs
Bullying Risks and Consequences
Levesque, R. J. R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_109
Petersen, J. L. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_317-2
Jimerson, S. R., Weber, M., Zhang, Y. C., Ruderman, M. A., & Stifel, S. W. F. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_2603-2
Petersen, J. L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_317
(2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804417-9.16001-6
Petersen, J. L. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_317
Bullying Risks and Consequences
Levesque, R. J. R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_109
Psychosocial Responses by Adolescent Male Victims to Peer Bullying
Reuter‐Rice, K. (2005) · doi:10.22371/07.2005.012
SARIBAŞ, M. Ş., & Akduman, G. G. (2022) · Advances in social networking and online communities book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5426-8.ch022
李, 岳. (2022) · Advances in Social Sciences · doi:10.12677/ass.2022.1112693
ÖN ERGENLERDE ŞİDDET YAŞANTISI DURUMUNA GÖRE AKRAN ZORBALIĞININ İNCELENMESİ
Çelikkaleli, Ö. (2023) · Tarih okulu · doi:10.29228/joh.69377
Resett, S. A., & Caino, P. C. G. (2024) · APUNTES DE PSICOLOGÍA · doi:10.55414/ap.v42i1.1547
Jimerson, S. R., Weber, M., Zhang, Y. C., Ruderman, M. A., & Stifel, S. W. F. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_2603
Eğitim Ortamında Karşılaşılan Olumsuzluklar ve Çözüm Önerileri
Gülaçtı, F., & Yılmaz, E. N. (2024) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub589.c2453
Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerinin İngilizce Öğretimine Yönelik Görüş ve Uygulamaları
Yılmaz, T. (2024) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub589.c2454
Bozkırdaki Çekirdek ve Bizim Köy Romanlarında Köy Enstitülerine Bakış
Tınmaz, A. K., & Öztürk, İ. (2024) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub589.c2562
Çutuk, Z. A. (2024) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub589.c2452
Eğitimde Yapay Zekâ Kavramının Tarihsel Gelişimi
GÜNDÜZ, Z. (2024) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub589.c2451
Drengk, C., & Börnert-Ringleb, M. (2025) · Unterrichtswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s42010-025-00231-x
İlkokul Öğretmenlerine Göre Akran Zorbalığı ve Çözüm Yolları
Dakal, C., & Ertem, H. Y. (2025) · Karaelmas Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.58638/kebd.1576333
Graf, G., & Schweiger, G. (2025) · Kindheit - Bildung - Erziehung. Philosophische Perspektiven · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-75277-3_5
Bullying same- and opposite-sex peers and the romantic involvement of Indonesian adolescents
Yu, L., Wei, L., & French, D. C. (2025) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-025-00446-2
My Boss is a Narcissist Bully: A Game Theoretic Approach to Stop Bullies
Stiefenhofer, P., Deniz, C., Xie, L., & Qian, J. (2025) · Journal of Economic Analysis · doi:10.58567/jea04040001
Malinski, R. (2025) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2025.2579904
How Schools Unintentionally Support Bullying and What Can be Done to Stop It
Kimpton, A. K., & Paul, K. (2016) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-68123-726-820251019
Christian Privilege: Do Jewish students feel marginalized in U.S. public schools?
Garland, M. N. (2009) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-1911
Girls in the group :what's the point?
Sehgal, M. (2012)
Bidirectional Associations Between Self-Esteem and Relational Aggression from 5th to 11th GradePreprint
Robins, R. W., Atherton, O. E., & Weidmann, R. (2022) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Aslan, K., & Kudrnáč, A. (2026) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2026.2681932
Bian, H., Pu, Q., He, Y., Zhang, Y., & Chen, F. (2026) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-026-02371-4
Zhang, H., & Ma, Z. (2026) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.70228 · Cited by 1
The Role of Callous-Unemotional Traits in Adolescent Bullying
Bäker, N., Wilke, J., Rademacher, A., & Eilts, J. (2026) · Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1026/0049-8637/a000329
(2026) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.57.refs
(2026) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.57.prelim
(2026) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.57.c04
(2026) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.57.index
(2026) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.57.c06
Hate speech in Poland and abroad
(2026) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.57.c03
(2026) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.57.toc
(2026) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.57.ack
(2026) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.57.lot
(2026) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.57.lof
Corpus study: Hate speech detection
(2026) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.57.c05
Verbal Aggression in Contemporary Polish
Świątek, A. (2026) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.57
(2026) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.57.app2
(2026) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.57.app1
(2026) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.57.intro
Sociale status van daders van pesten, slachtoffers van pesten en niet-betrokkenen op de basisschool
Mons., van Atten, A., Nueman, D. M. S., & Fortes, C. (2012) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Pellegrini, A. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pellegrini, A. D.
- Venue
- Educational Psychologist
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 151-163
- ISSN
- 0046-1520 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-6985
- OpenAlex
- W2026271405
- Cited by
- 390
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 12.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Educational Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Educational Research Association
- American Association of University Women
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Social Sciences › Law › Legal Issues in Education
- Keywords
- bullying, victimization, sexual harassment, middle school transition, peer status, social roles, peer groups, school organization, adolescent aggression, school policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review