The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Goal Configurations and Processing Strategies as Moderators Between Instructional Design and Cognitive Load: Evidence From Hypertext-Based Instruction
Open accessAbstract
In this article, we propose some augmentations of cognitive load theory (CLT) inspired by evidence from hypertext-based instruction. In particular, we focus on the role of goal configurations and processing strategies as moderators between instructional design and cognitive load. First, we describe pivotal assumptions of CLT and conceptual shortcomings related to these assumptions. Second, we review evidence from our own hypertext-based research that gives reasons for integrating configurations of teacher goals, learner goals, as well as processing strategies into CLT. These augmentations of CLT are necessary to account for the rather weak relation between instructional design and pattern of cognitive load that shows up in the context of self-controlled learning. CLT, augmented with the notion of learner control, can now better serve as a theoretical foundation for the design of hypertext-based instruction.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A further problem is that germane processes can be considered to be extraneous depending on the learning goal (see also, Schnotz and Ku ¨rschner 2007).”
From Cognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: some food for thought (2010) · cites this paper as Gerjets and Scheiter 2003
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60452-1 · Cited by 9,860
Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design
Sweller, J., van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. G. W. C. (1998) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1022193728205 · Cited by 6,023
Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design
Sweller, J. (1994) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/0959-4752(94)90003-5 · Cited by 3,801 · cited 4×
“elements into a single element” ( Sweller, 1994, p. 299 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialCognitive Load Theory and the Format of Instruction
Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1991) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0804_2 · Cited by 2,894
Hypertext: An Introduction and Survey
Conklin (1987) · Computer · doi:10.1109/mc.1987.1663693 · Cited by 2,726
The Atomic Components of Thought
Anderson, J. R., & Lebiere, C. J. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315805696 · Cited by 2,181
Self‐Explanations: How Students Study and Use Examples in Learning to Solve Problems
Chi, M. T. H., Bassok, M., Lewis, M. W., Reimann, P., & Glaser, R. (1989) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1302_1 · Cited by 1,714
The Atomic Components of Thought
Taatgen, N. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01250-9 · Cited by 1,482
Learning from Examples: Instructional Principles from the Worked Examples Research
Atkinson, R. K., Derry, S. J., Renkl, A., & Wortham, D. W. (2000) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543070002181 · Cited by 1,109
How seductive details do their damage: A theory of cognitive interest in science learning.
Harp, S. F., & Mayer, R. E. (1998) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.90.3.414 · Cited by 855 · cited 2×
“…in instructional environments (cf. Hirashima, Hachiya, Kashihara, & Toyoda, 1997) or goals that are related to prospective tasks (Heise, Gerjets, & Westermann, 1997) as well as to personal interests (cf. research on seductive details, Garner, Gillingham, & White, 1989; Harp & Mayer, 1998).”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–176 of 176
Yao, Y., & Gill, M. G. (2009) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 9
Rias, R. M. (2012) · The Journal of Teaching and Learning · Cited by 8
Cognitive Load Theory and Mathematics Learning: A Systematic Review
Aditomo, A. (2009) · ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal · doi:10.24123/aipj.v24i3.4427 · Cited by 8
Amadieu, F., Tricot, A., & Mariné, C. (2011) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503311002053 · Cited by 8
Chang, C. (2017) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2017.1394366 · Cited by 10
Granger, B. (2012) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 8
Bishara, S. (2021) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2021.1929038 · Cited by 10
Understanding the Paradox of Mental Effort in Online Learning Conversations
Eryilmaz, E. (2011) · International Conference on Information Systems · Cited by 7
Renkl, A. (2023) · Unterrichtswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s42010-023-00167-0 · Cited by 9
Curriculum Implementation and Teacher Motivation
Makewa, L. N., & Ngussa, B. M. (2015) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8162-0.ch013 · Cited by 7
Adaptation with Four Dimensional Personalization Criteria Based on Felder Silverman Model
Drissi, S., & Amirat, A. (2017) · International Journal of Distance Education Technologies · doi:10.4018/ijdet.2017100101 · Cited by 6
Helping Students Construct Robust Conceptual Models
Megowan-Romanowicz, C. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0449-7_5 · Cited by 6
Analyzing the extraneous cognitive load of a 7thgrader mathematics textbook
Nurjanah, A. S., & Retnowati, E. (2018) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1097/1/012131 · Cited by 6
Schorr, T., Gerjets, P. H., & Scheiter, K. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315782362-139 · Cited by 6
Self-citationEvans, S. (2009) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 6
Nilforooshan, R., Adamo‐Villani, N., & Dib, H. N. (2013) · ICST Transactions on e-Education and e-Learning · doi:10.4108/el.1.3.e3 · Cited by 5
Uz-Bilgin, C., & Altun, A. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Science · doi:10.17791/jcs.2014.15.1.27 · Cited by 5
THE EFFECTS OF VARIED ANIMATION IN MULTIMEDIA LEARNING: IS THE EXTRAEFFORT WORTHY?
Rias, R. M., & Zaman, H. B. (2011) · International Journal of Digital Information and Wireless Communications · Cited by 5
Arity, V., & Vesty, G. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-5883-2_3 · Cited by 5
How to optimize cognitive load for learning from animated models
Wouters, P. (2007) · DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands) · Cited by 5
The impact of LLMs on mathematics education and research at the university
Rizos, I., & Gkrekas, N. (2025) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101969 · Cited by 8
Nordin, N. A., Halim, N. H. A., & Dahri, N. A. (2026) · Iran Journal of Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42044-025-00382-1 · Cited by 12
Liao, C. (2018) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244018810065 · Cited by 4
A Soft Computing Approach for User Preference in Web based Learning
Jayasimman, L., & Raj, E. G. D. P. (2013) · Cited by 4
Catrambone, R., Gerjets, P. H., Scheiter, K., & Vollmann, B. (2006) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 4
Self-citationThe Cognitive Demands of Student-Centered, Web-Based Multimedia
Hannafin, M. J., West, R. E., & Shepherd, C. E. (2009) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-158-2.ch011 · Cited by 4
Strategies used by humans to reduce their own cognitive load
Tricot, A., Sweller, J., Amadieu, F., Chanquoy, L., & Marine, J. (2008) · Cited by 4
Examining Preservice Teachers' Reasoning and Decision Making in Three Case-Based Approaches
Çevik, Y. D. (2011) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-3078 · Cited by 4
Rias, R. M., & Yusof, W. K. (2012) · International Conference on Digital Information and Communication Technology and its Applications (DICTAP) · doi:10.1109/dictap.2012.6215399 · Cited by 3
Fan, K.-K., Su, C.-H., Deng, S.-Y., & Wang, W.-J. (2013) · Mathematical Problems in Engineering · doi:10.1155/2013/961963 · Cited by 3
Adapting Three-Dimensional-Virtual World to Reach Diverse Learners in an MBA Program
Rufer, R. J., & Adams, R. H. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60960-762-3.ch033 · Cited by 3
Zumbach, J., Zeitlhofer, I., Mann, B., Hoermann, S., & Reisenhofer, B. (2022) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti6070058 · Cited by 3
Hu, Y., Wouters, P., van der Schaaf, M. F., & Kester, L. (2024) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13510 · Cited by 9
Amadieu, F., Tricot, A., & Mariné, C. (2011) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy.112.0359 · Cited by 3
Hu, Y., House, L., & Gao, Z. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12112130 · Cited by 2
Multimedia, Cognitive Load, and Pedagogy
Doolittle, P. E., McNeill, A. L., Terry, K. P., & Scheer, S. B. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60960-503-2.ch706 · Cited by 3
Chikasha, S., Petegem, W. V., & Valcke, M. (2022) · IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) · doi:10.1109/educon52537.2022.9766676 · Cited by 3
Principles Based on Generative Activity in Multimedia Learning
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894333.035 · Cited by 4
Peltzer, N., Kuhn, J., Stadler, M. J., Cera, R., Hoyer, C., Flegr, S., Fischer, M. R., & Richters, C. (2026) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105612 · Cited by 6
Mohapatra, P. S., Popova, V., & Xu, L. (2013) · International Journal of Critical Accounting · doi:10.1504/ijca.2013.058688 · Cited by 1
Chang, P.-H., Cheng, S.-F., Cheng, C.-W., Tang, J.-J., & Tzeng, C.-B. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering · doi:10.1109/tale54877.2022.00074 · Cited by 1
Deepening the ‘Shallows’: The Fate of Reading in an Electronic Age, Revisited
James, R., & de Kock, L. (2013) · Current Writing · doi:10.1080/1013929x.2013.795744 · Cited by 1
Shoeib, A. M., & Raslan, H. M. M. (2022) · International Journal of research in Educational Sciences · doi:10.29009/ijres.5.4.4
Examining Instant Messaging Impact On Learning Using An Integrated Worked-example Format
Nasah, A. (2008) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 1
Value co-creation in education : A case study of Interspectral
Resh, M. (2019) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
Mayer, R. E., & Fiorella, L. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894333.007 · Cited by 3
Technologies to enhance self-directed learning from hypertext
AlAgha, I. (2009) · Durham e-Theses (Durham University)
Heard but not seen: Instructor-led video and its effect on learning.
Holder, D. E. (2008) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc9090
조수연, & 정선영 (2011) · Asian Journal of Education · doi:10.15753/aje.2011.12.2.008
Reduction of Cognitive Load, Stress, and Depression: The Effects of a Web-Based Intervention.
Hinkle, J. F. (2013) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Instructional geographic information science: map overlay and spatial abilities
Tricot, T. A. (2010) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)
New Media English Literature: A Product Re-Launch
James, R. (2012) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)
Gao, H. (2005) · Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference
Eschenmann, T. W. (2012) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
A Study of the Effects of First Person versus Third Person View in Educational Animation
Dib, H. N., Adamo‐Villani, N., & Yu, J. (2015) · ICST Transactions on e-Education and e-Learning · doi:10.4108/el.2.6.e2
Reducing Teachers' Cognitive Overload with a Recommender System in the Workplace
Rodríguez, A. (2011) · International Journal for e-Learning Security · doi:10.20533/ijels.2046.4568.2011.0006
Saparova, D. R. (2015) · MOspace Institutional Repository (University of Missouri) · doi:10.32469/10355/57780
A Path Analysis of Expertise and Cognitive Load Factors on Performance
RyuJeeheon (2009) · 교과교육학연구 · doi:10.24231/rici.2009.13.4.851
Sydik, K. A. W. (2017) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
Effectiveness of cognitive style and learner control in hypermedia learning environments
Egbedokun, A. O., & Adeyanju, J. O. (2017) · International Journal of Research Studies in Educational Technology · doi:10.5861/ijrset.2017.1838
Autonomous Learning and Skill Accreditation
Politis, D., Stagiopoulos, P., Aidona, S., Kyriafinis, G., & Constantinidis, I. (2017) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-3634-5.ch012
Achtung „Overload“: Präsentation von Text, Bild und Ton am Bildschirm
Niegemann, H. M., Hessel, S., Hochscheid-Mauel, D., Aslanski, K., Deimann, M., & Kreuzberger, G. (2004) · X.media.press · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18677-6_12
Fillet, D. (2010) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
(2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-37226-4_3
Adapting Three-Dimensional-Virtual World to Reach Diverse Learners in an MBA Program
Rufer, R. J., & Adams, R. H. (2012) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-0011-9.ch605
Motivation and Multimedia Learning
Low, R. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60960-503-2.ch603
Motivational Beliefs and Learning Effectiveness of Video Instruction in Procedural Tasks
Isnaeni, M., & Zalmansyah, A. (2022) · doi:10.2991/978-2-494069-39-8_14
Interactive computer-based simulations as exploratory learning activities.
McClellan, D. (2023) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/4124
Olimpos, P. T. (2024) · European Journal of Education and Pedagogy · doi:10.24018/ejedu.2024.5.3.821
Francisco, L. M. J., & Prudente, M. S. (2022) · Innovative Technology and Management Journal · doi:10.70954/rm3kq869
(2015) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-68123-136-520251015
Sun, X., Zhang, S., & Liu, S. (2026) · Information and Learning Sciences · doi:10.1108/ils-04-2026-0129
Phanumartwiwath, A., Chen, I.-C., & Lu, A. C. C. (2026) · International Journal of Training and Development · doi:10.1111/ijtd.70045
Metadata
- Authors
- Gerjets, P., & Scheiter, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Venue
- Educational Psychologist
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-01-01
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-41
- ISSN
- 0046-1520 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-6985
- OpenAlex
- W2136090849
- Semantic Scholar
- 0089694818a9ae706da8d7689286251692b371fb
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 10.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Educational Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- HAL (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Keywords
- cognitive load theory, processing strategies, instructional design, learner control, teacher goals, learner goals, moderators
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review