The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Goal Configurations and Processing Strategies as Moderators Between Instructional Design and Cognitive Load: Evidence From Hypertext-Based Instruction
Open accessAbstract
In this article, we propose some augmentations of cognitive load theory (CLT) inspired by evidence from hypertext-based instruction. In particular, we focus on the role of goal configurations and processing strategies as moderators between instructional design and cognitive load. First, we describe pivotal assumptions of CLT and conceptual shortcomings related to these assumptions. Second, we review evidence from our own hypertext-based research that gives reasons for integrating configurations of teacher goals, learner goals, as well as processing strategies into CLT. These augmentations of CLT are necessary to account for the rather weak relation between instructional design and pattern of cognitive load that shows up in the context of self-controlled learning. CLT, augmented with the notion of learner control, can now better serve as a theoretical foundation for the design of hypertext-based instruction.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A further problem is that germane processes can be considered to be extraneous depending on the learning goal (see also, Schnotz and Ku ¨rschner 2007).”
From Cognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: some food for thought (2010) · cites this paper as Gerjets and Scheiter 2003
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60452-1 · Cited by 9,860
Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design
Sweller, J., van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. G. W. C. (1998) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1022193728205 · Cited by 6,023
Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design
Sweller, J. (1994) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/0959-4752(94)90003-5 · Cited by 3,801 · cited 4×
“elements into a single element” ( Sweller, 1994, p. 299 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialCognitive Load Theory and the Format of Instruction
Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1991) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0804_2 · Cited by 2,894
Hypertext: An Introduction and Survey
Conklin (1987) · Computer · doi:10.1109/mc.1987.1663693 · Cited by 2,726
The Atomic Components of Thought
Anderson, J. R., & Lebiere, C. J. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315805696 · Cited by 2,181
Self‐Explanations: How Students Study and Use Examples in Learning to Solve Problems
Chi, M. T. H., Bassok, M., Lewis, M. W., Reimann, P., & Glaser, R. (1989) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1302_1 · Cited by 1,714
The Atomic Components of Thought
Taatgen, N. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01250-9 · Cited by 1,482
Learning from Examples: Instructional Principles from the Worked Examples Research
Atkinson, R. K., Derry, S. J., Renkl, A., & Wortham, D. W. (2000) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543070002181 · Cited by 1,109
How seductive details do their damage: A theory of cognitive interest in science learning.
Harp, S. F., & Mayer, R. E. (1998) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.90.3.414 · Cited by 855 · cited 2×
“…in instructional environments (cf. Hirashima, Hachiya, Kashihara, & Toyoda, 1997) or goals that are related to prospective tasks (Heise, Gerjets, & Westermann, 1997) as well as to personal interests (cf. research on seductive details, Garner, Gillingham, & White, 1989; Harp & Mayer, 1998).”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cognitive Load Theory and Complex Learning: Recent Developments and Future Directions
van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Sweller, J. (2005) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-005-3951-0 · Cited by 2,206
Cognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: some food for thought
de Jong, T. (2010) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-009-9110-0 · Cited by 1,180
“Gerjets and Scheiter (2003) report on a study in which a strong reduction of study time did not impair learning, whereas cognitive load theory would predict a drop in performance.”
BackgroundDirect Measurement of Cognitive Load in Multimedia Learning
Brunken, R., Plass, J. L., & Leutner, D. (2003) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3801_7 · Cited by 896
Delgado, P., Vargas, C., Ackerman, R., & Salmerón, L. (2018) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.003 · Cited by 664
Renkl, A., & Atkinson, R. K. (2003) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3801_3 · Cited by 540
Cierniak, G., Scheiter, K., & Gerjets, P. (2009) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.020 · Cited by 412
Self-citationWho benefits from learning with 3D models? the case of spatial ability
Huk, T. (2006) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2729.2006.00180.x · Cited by 380
Learner Control in Hypermedia Environments
Scheiter, K., & Gerjets, P. H. (2007) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-007-9046-3 · Cited by 367
Self-citationHow students evaluate information and sources when searching the World Wide Web for information
Walraven, A., Brand‐Gruwel, S., & Boshuizen, H. P. A. (2008) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.08.003 · Cited by 304
Gerjets, P., Scheiter, K., & Catrambone, R. (2004) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1023/b:truc.0000021809.10236.71 · Cited by 251
Self-citationRethinking the Boundaries of Cognitive Load Theory in Complex Learning
Kalyuga, S., & Singh, A.-M. (2016) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-015-9352-0 · Cited by 241
The interplay between self-regulation in learning and cognitive load
Seufert, T. (2018) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2018.03.004 · Cited by 227
How to Optimize Learning From Animated Models: A Review of Guidelines Based on Cognitive Load
Wouters, P., Paas, F., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2008) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654308320320 · Cited by 224
The Worked-Out Examples Principle in Multimedia Learning
Renkl, A. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816819.016 · Cited by 231
Schrader, C., & Bastiaens, T. J. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.11.011 · Cited by 222
van Gog, T., Ericsson, K. A., Rikers, R. M. J. P., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2005) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02504799 · Cited by 224
Gerjets, P., Scheiter, K., & Catrambone, R. (2006) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2006.02.007 · Cited by 178
Self-citationArtino, A. R. (2008) · Cited by 155
Multimedia, hypermedia, and hypertext: Motivation considered and reconsidered
Moos, D. C., & Marroquin, E. (2009) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.004 · Cited by 160
Su, C.-H. (2015) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-015-2799-7 · Cited by 166
Effects of the metacognitive computer-tool met.a.ware on the web search of laypersons
Stadtler, M., & Bromme, R. (2007) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.01.023 · Cited by 141
Gerjets, P. H., Walter, C., Rosenstiel, W., Bogdan, M., & Zander, T. O. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00385 · Cited by 145
Self-citationGerjets, P., Scheiter, K., & Cierniak, G. (2009) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-008-9096-1 · Cited by 130
Self-citationGerjets, P. H., Scheiter, K., Opfermann, M., Hesse, F. W., & Eysink, T. H. S. (2009) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.015 · Cited by 137
Self-citationde Guinea, A. O., Titah, R., & Léger, P. (2014) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222300407 · Cited by 132
Korakakis, G., Pavlatou, E. A., Palyvos, J. A., & Spyrellis, N. (2008) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.09.011 · Cited by 134
Amadieu, F., Tricot, A., & Mariné, C. (2009) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.017 · Cited by 128
Orrú, G., & Longo, L. (2019) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14273-5_3 · Cited by 145
When worked examples don't work: Is cognitive load theory at an Impasse?
Moreno, R. (2006) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2006.02.006 · Cited by 126
Gerjets, P. H., & Hesse, F. W. (2004) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2005.08.011 · Cited by 108
Self-citationGurlitt, J., & Renkl, A. (2010) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-008-9090-5 · Cited by 103
Cognition Digital Twins for Personalized Information Systems of Smart Cities: Proof of Concept
Du, J., Zhu, Q., Shi, Y., Wang, Q., Lin, Y., & Zhao, D. Y. (2019) · Journal of Management in Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000740 · Cited by 103
Moos, D. C., & Azevedo, R. (2007) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-007-9028-3 · Cited by 94
Understanding metacognitive inferiority on screen by exposing cues for depth of processing
Sidi, Y., Shpigelman, M., Zalmanov, H., & Ackerman, R. (2017) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.01.002 · Cited by 91
Moos, D. C., & Azevedo, R. (2009) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-009-9045-5 · Cited by 101
Making the abstract concrete: Visualizing mathematical solution procedures
Scheiter, K., Gerjets, P. H., & Catrambone, R. (2005) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2005.01.009 · Cited by 95
Self-citationKühl, T., Scheiter, K., Gerjets, P. H., & Gemballa, S. (2010) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.08.008 · Cited by 89
Self-citationScheiter, K., Gerjets, P. H., Vollmann, B., & Catrambone, R. (2009) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2009.02.004 · Cited by 93
Self-citationCoherence formation when learning from text and pictures: What kind of support for whom?
Bartholomé, T., & Bromme, R. (2009) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014312 · Cited by 84
Al-Shehri, S. A., & Gitsaki, C. (2010) · ReCALL · doi:10.1017/s0958344010000212 · Cited by 88
The effects of video lecture viewing strategies on cognitive load
Costley, J., Fanguy, M., Lange, C. H., & Baldwin, M. (2020) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-020-09254-y · Cited by 108
Lee, S. W., Hsu, Y.-T., & Cheng, K. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104456 · Cited by 89
Learner preferences and prior knowledge in learner-controlled computer-based instruction
Kopcha, T. J., & Sullivan, H. J. (2007) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-007-9058-1 · Cited by 73
State of the art research into Cognitive Load Theory
Ayres, P., & Gog, T. V. (2009) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.007 · Cited by 72
Combining cognitive and affective support in order to promote learning
Huk, T., & Ludwigs, S. (2008) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.09.001 · Cited by 75
Eitel, A., Endres, T., & Renkl, A. (2020) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09559-5 · Cited by 80
How Does Cognitive Load Interact with Self-Regulated Learning? A Dynamic and Integrative Model
Wang, T., & Lajoie, S. P. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09794-6 · Cited by 89
Concept Maps for Comprehension and Navigation of Hypertexts
Amadieu, F., & Salmerón, L. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3178-7_3 · Cited by 68
Note-taking while learning hypermedia: Cognitive and motivational considerations
Moos, D. C. (2009) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.05.004 · Cited by 63
The Worked Examples Principle in Multimedia Learning
Renkl, A. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139547369.020 · Cited by 65
The Learner Control Principle in Multimedia Learning
Scheiter, K. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139547369.025 · Cited by 58
Self-citationExplorations in Learning and the Brain
de Jong, T., van Gog, T., Jenks, K., Manlove, S., van Hell, J. G., Jolles, J., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., van Leeuwen, T. H., & Boschloo, A. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89512-3 · Cited by 55
Chang, C.-C., & Yang, F. (2010) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.03.001 · Cited by 58
Hwang, G., Hsu, T., & Hsieh, Y. H. (2018) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2018.1543091 · Cited by 51
Chang, S. L., & Ley, K. (2006) · Cited by 44
Gurlitt, J., & Renkl, A. (2008) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2729.2008.00277.x · Cited by 54
Empirical research on pair programming in higher education: a literature review
Hawlitschek, A., Berndt, S., & Schulz, S. (2022) · Computer Science Education · doi:10.1080/08993408.2022.2039504 · Cited by 47
Wouters, P., Paas, F., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2010) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-008-9079-0 · Cited by 37
Using the multi-display teaching system to lower cognitive load.
Cheng, T.-S., Lu, Y., & Yang, C.-S. (2015) · Educational Technology & Society · Cited by 32
Chang, C., Warden, C. A., Liang, C., & Chou, P. (2017) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12218 · Cited by 37
Kao, C.-C., & Luo, Y.-J. (2020) · International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) · doi:10.3991/ijet.v15i01.11393 · Cited by 37
Self-Regulated Learning and Externally Generated Feedback with Hypermedia
Moos, D. C. (2011) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/ec.44.3.b · Cited by 31
An investigation of the determinants of dialogue navigation in joint activities
Knutsen, D., Col, G., & Bigot, L. L. (2018) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716418000358 · Cited by 28
Predicting Cognitive Load in Future Code Puzzles
Kelleher, C. L., & Hnin, W. Y. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300487 · Cited by 30
A Taxonomy of Software for Mathematics Instruction.
Kurz, T. L., Middleton, J. A., & Yanık, H. B. (2005) · Cited by 28
Lange, C. H., Costley, J., & Han, S.-L. (2017) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v18i5.3028 · Cited by 35
The impact of 3D visualization types in instructional multimedia applications for teaching science
Korakakis, G., Boudouvis, A. G., Palyvos, J. A., & Pavlatou, E. A. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.032 · Cited by 25
Schwonke, R. (2015) · Educational Technology & Society · Cited by 25
Dynamics of cognitive load theory: A model-based approach
Sawicka, A. (2007) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.03.007 · Cited by 25
Handbook of Research on Enhancing Teacher Education with Advanced Instructional Technologies
Ololube, N. P., Kpolovie, P. J., & Makewa, L. N. (2015) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8162-0 · Cited by 22
The Role of Learning Styles in Game-Based Learning
Wouters, P., & van der Meulen, E. S. (2019) · International Journal of Game-Based Learning · doi:10.4018/ijgbl.2020010104 · Cited by 21
Yiin, S., & Chern, C. (2023) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105756 · Cited by 21
Rough Set Theory Based Fuzzy TOPSIS on Serious Game Design Evaluation Framework
Su, C.-H., Chen, K. T.-K., & Fan, K.-K. (2013) · Mathematical Problems in Engineering · doi:10.1155/2013/407395 · Cited by 21
Uncovering the problem-solving process to design effective worked examples.
van Gog, T. (2006) · DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands) · Cited by 21
APPLICATION OF MULTIMEDIA DESIGN PRINCIPLES TO VISUALS USED IN COURSE-BOOKS: AN EVALUATION TOOL
Kuzu, A., Akbulut, Y., & Sahin, M. C. (2007) · Cited by 20
New Forms of Deep Learning on the Web
DeSchryver, M. (2009) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-158-2.ch008 · Cited by 20
Bishara, S. (2021) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2021.1911521 · Cited by 23
Learning from Multimedia and Hypermedia
Gerjets, P. H., & Kirschner, P. A. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9827-7_15 · Cited by 18
Self-citationMultimedia, Cognitive Load and Pedagogy
Doolittle, P. E., McNeill, A. L., Terry, K. P., & Scheer, S. B. (2005) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-393-7.ch010 · Cited by 19
The impact of example comparisons on schema acquisition: do learners really need multiple examples?
Scheiter, K., Gerjets, P. H., & Schuh, J. (2004) · International Conference of Learning Sciences · Cited by 19
Self-citationGerjets, P. H., Scheiter, K., & Schuh, J. (2005) · Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1024/1010-0652.19.12.23 · Cited by 20
Self-citationMcNeill, A. L., Doolittle, P. E., & Hicks, D. L. (2009) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 19
Augmenting teacher-student interaction in digital learning through affective computing
Hung, J. C.-S., Chiang, K.-H., Huang, Y., & Lin, K.-C. (2016) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-016-4101-z · Cited by 16
The Negative Impact of Media Diversity on Self-Regulated Learning Strategies and Cognitive Load.
Lange, C. H., & Costley, J. (2019) · Issues in educational research · Cited by 16
Exploring Programmers' API Learning Processes: Collecting Web Resources as External Memory
Gao, G., Voichick, F., Ichinco, M., & Kelleher, C. L. (2020) · IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) · doi:10.1109/vl/hcc50065.2020.9127274 · Cited by 17
Lange, C. H., & Costley, J. (2018) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12269 · Cited by 18
Cognitive and Linguistic Factors in Interactive Knowledge Construction
Verhoeven, L. T. W., & Graesser, A. C. (2008) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/01638530802145353 · Cited by 18
The Learner Control Principle in Multimedia Learning
Scheiter, K. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894333.043 · Cited by 15
Self-citationTowards a Model of API Learning
Kelleher, C. L., & Ichinco, M. (2019) · IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) · doi:10.1109/vlhcc.2019.8818850 · Cited by 16
Orrú, G., Gobbo, F., O’Sullivan, D., & Longo, L. (2018) · International Conference on Computer Supported Education · doi:10.5220/0006790702920302 · Cited by 12
Effects of Multimedia Redundancy in History Learning among ‘Deep and Surface’ Students
Hii, S. C., & Fong, S. F. (2010) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v6n6p119 · Cited by 12
Yao, Y. (2006) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 12
The Effect of Reading Strategies and Prior Knowledge on Cognitive Load and Learning with Hypertext
Madrid, R. I., & Cañas, J. J. (2009) · The Ergonomics Open Journal · doi:10.2174/1875934300902010124 · Cited by 12
Opting Out as an Untapped Resource in Instructional Design: Review and Implications
Sidi, Y., & Ackerman, R. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09879-w · Cited by 13
Motivation and Multimedia Learning
Low, R. (2009) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-158-2.ch009 · Cited by 11
Motivation and Affect in Multimedia Learning
Schrader, C., Kalyuga, S., & Plass, J. L. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894333.012 · Cited by 12
Nonlinear technology: Changing the conception of extrinsic motivation?
Moos, D. C. (2010) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.07.006 · Cited by 12
Teachers who initiate curriculum innovations : motivations and benefits
Emo, W. (2010) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University) · Cited by 10
Shen, C.-Y., & Chu, H.-P. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07308-8_55 · Cited by 9
Gerjets, P. H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49077-9_4 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Gerjets, P., & Scheiter, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Venue
- Educational Psychologist
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-01-01
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-41
- ISSN
- 0046-1520 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-6985
- OpenAlex
- W2136090849
- Semantic Scholar
- 0089694818a9ae706da8d7689286251692b371fb
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 10.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Educational Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- HAL (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Keywords
- cognitive load theory, processing strategies, instructional design, learner control, teacher goals, learner goals, moderators
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review