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Pain-coping strategies in chronic pain patients: Psychometric characteristics of the pain-coping inventory (PCI)
Abstract
This article presents a series of studies aimed at validating a comprehensive pain-coping inventory (PCI) that is applicable to various types of patients with chronic pain. Item and scale analyses were performed for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), patients with chronic headache, and pain clinic outpatients. The following 6 scales were derived from a simultaneous component analysis: Pain Transformation, Distraction, Reducing Demands, Retreating, Worrying, and Resting, all of which were internally reliable. A higher order factor analysis grouped the PCI scales into active (transformation, distraction, reducing demands) and passive (retreating, worrying, resting) pain-coping dimensions. Differences in use of strategy found between RA patients and headache patients indicated that the PCI scales were sufficiently sensitive to measure differences between groups. Concurrent validity was assessed for patients with RA and patients with fibromyalgia and predictive validity was assessed for patients with recently diagnosed RA after 1 and 3 years. In both analyses the validity of the scales was supported, in particular the predictive validity of passive coping scales for future outcomes.
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“compared to men, women have endorsed more frequent use of catastrophizing, behavioral activities, positive self-statements, social and emotional support, and problem-focused coping 148, 201–204.”
From Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes (2018) · cites this paper as [204]
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Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes
Meints, S. M., & Edwards, R. R. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.017 · Cited by 719
“coping involves relinquishing control of pain to others (Obrist and Light, 1988; Snow-Turek et al., 1996; Kraaimaat and Evers, 2003).”
Nijs, J., Paul van Wilgen, C., Van Oosterwijck, J., van Ittersum, M., & Meeus, M. (2011) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2011.04.005 · Cited by 390
Evers, A. W. M., Kraaimaat, F. W., Geenen, R., Jacobs, J. W. G., & Bijlsma, J. W. J. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00036-6 · Cited by 290
“Pain coping was assessed by the Pain Coping Inventory (PCI; Kraaimaat, Bakker, & Evers, 1997; Kraaimaat & Evers, 2003), measuring active and passive coping strategies when dealing with pain.”
MethodSelf-citationEekhout, I., de Vet, H. C. W., Twisk, J. W. R., Brand, J. P. L., de Boer, M. R., & Heymans, M. W. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.09.009 · Cited by 302
Meeus, M., Nijs, J., Oosterwijck, J. V., Alsenoy, V. V., & Truijen, S. (2010) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2010.04.020 · Cited by 251
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Bossen, D., Veenhof, C., Beek, K. E. V., Spreeuwenberg, P. M. M., Dekker, J., & de Bakker, D. H. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2662 · Cited by 199
“Active and passive pain coping were determined by the Pain Coping Inventory questionnaire [41].”
Oosterwijck, J. V., Nijs, J., Meeus, M., Truijen, S., Craps, J., den Keybus, N. V., & Paul, L. (2011) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2009.12.0206 · Cited by 177
Continued disability and pain after lumbar disc surgery: The role of cognitive-behavioral factors
den Boer, J. J., Oostendorp, R. A. B., Beems, T., Munneke, M., & Evers, A. W. M. (2006) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.02.008 · Cited by 178
Self-citationThe Role of Helplessness, Fear of Pain, and Passive Pain-Coping in Chronic Pain Patients
Samwel, H. J. A., Evers, A. W. M., Crul, B. J. P., & Kraaimaat, F. W. (2006) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/01.ajp.0000173019.72365.f5 · Cited by 166
“Both reliability and validity are judged as satisfactory.(22,46,47) The PCI is rated on a 4-point Likert scale (1, rarely or never, to 4, very frequently).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTailored cognitive-behavioral therapy and exercise training for high-risk patients with fibromyalgia
van Koulil, S., van Lankveld, W., Kraaimaat, F. W., van Helmond, T., Vedder, A., van Hoorn, H., Donders, R., de Jong, A. J. L., Haverman, J. F., Korff, K., et al. (2010) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.20268 · Cited by 152
“The therapist’s judgment and the screening instrument were concordant with regard to the classification in pain-avoidance and pain-persistence patterns for the majority of patients, except for 17 patients (11%) who were assigned according to the judgment of the therapist (15,29).”
MethodBekkering, G. E., van Tulder, M. W., Hendriks, E. J., Koopmanschap, M. A., Knol, D. L., Bouter, L. M., & Oostendorp, R. A. (2005) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/85.6.544 · Cited by 141
CHECK (Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee): similarities and differences with the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Wesseling, J., Dekker, J., van den Berg, W. B., Bierma‐Zeinstra, S., Boers, M., Cats, H. A., Deckers, P., Gorter, K. J., Heuts, P. H. T. G., Hilberdink, W. K. H. A., et al. (2008) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2008.096164 · Cited by 136
“Pain-coping behaviour was measured with the pain coping inventory, assessing both behavioural and cognitive coping strategies.”
A meta-analysis of fear-avoidance and pain intensity: the paradox of chronic pain
Kroska, E. B. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2016.06.011 · Cited by 128
Passive coping is a risk factor for disabling neck or low back pain
Mercado, A. C., Carroll, L., Cassidy, D. J., & Côté, P. (2005) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.05.014 · Cited by 118
Matagne Heutink, B., Post, M. W. M., Bongers-Janssen, H. M. H., Dijkstra, C. A., Snoek, G. J., Spijkerman, D. C. M., & Lindeman, E. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.09.029 · Cited by 115
“No significant differences in catastrophizing on the CSQ, and in active and passive coping on the PCI were found between the intervention group and control group at baseline.”
MethodInfluentialDifferences in Pain Coping Between Black and White Americans: A Meta-Analysis
Meints, S. M., Miller, M. M., & Hirsh, A. T. (2016) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.12.017 · Cited by 116
“In addition, the strategies measured by the CSQ and Pain Coping Inventory (PCI) can be classified into active and passive categories [10,56;84].”
MethodCourse and prognosis of elbow complaints: a cohort study in general practice
Bot, S. D. M., van der Waal, J. M., Terwee, C. B., van der Windt, D., Bouter, L. M., & Dekker, J. (2005) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2004.030320 · Cited by 112
Roussel, N. A., Nijs, J., Truijen, S., Smeuninx, L., & Stassijns, G. (2007) · Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.03.001 · Cited by 105
Cohort Profile: Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee (CHECK) study
Wesseling, J., Boers, M., Viergever, M. A., Hilberdink, W. K. H. A., Lafeber, F. P. J. G., Dekker, J., & Bijlsma, J. W. J. (2014) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyu177 · Cited by 104
Holla, J., van der Leeden, M., Heymans, M. W., Roorda, L. D., Bierma‐Zeinstra, S., Boers, M., Lems, W. F., Steultjens, M. P. M., & Dekker, J. (2013) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202984 · Cited by 103
Individual differences in the effect of daily stressors on psoriasis: a prospective study
Verhoeven, E. W. M., Kraaimaat, F., de Jong, E. M. G. J., Schalkwijk, J., van de Kerkhof, P. C. M., & Evers, A. W. M. (2009) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09194.x · Cited by 97
Self-citationBastick, A. N., Wesseling, J., Damen, J., Verkleij, S. P., Emans, P. J., Bindels, P., & Bierma‐Zeinstra, S. (2015) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp15x688129 · Cited by 94
Bossen, D., Buskermolen, M., Veenhof, C., de Bakker, D. H., & Dekker, J. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2742 · Cited by 88
“Active and passive pain coping were determined by the Pain Coping Inventory questionnaire [40].”
MethodPrognostic Factors for Low Back Pain in Patients Referred for Physiotherapy
Bekkering, G. E., Hendriks, H. J. M., van Tulder, M. W., Knol, D. L., Simmonds, M. J., Oostendorp, R. A. B., & Bouter, L. M. (2005) · Spine · doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000173901.64181.db · Cited by 82
Efficacy of Low-Dose Amitriptyline for Chronic Low Back Pain
Urquhart, D. M., Wluka, A. E., van Tulder, M. W., Heritier, S. R., Forbes, A. B., Fong, C., Wang, Y., Sim, M. R., Gibson, S. J., Arnold, C. A., et al. (2018) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4222 · Cited by 81
van der Roer, N., van Tulder, M. W., Barendse, J. M., Knol, D. L., van Mechelen, W., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2008) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-008-0718-6 · Cited by 76
“Secondary outcomes were: (1) fear of movement/(re)injury using the 17-item Tampa scale [10]; (2) pain coping strategies assessed using the Pain Coping Inventory [ 11 ]; (3) self-efficacy beliefs are measured using the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire [14].”
MethodHeymans, M. W., van Buuren, S., Knol, D. L., Anema, J. R., van Mechelen, W., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2010) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2010.06.005 · Cited by 76
“Active pain coping consists of the subscales transformation of pain, distraction, and lowering demands, and passive pain coping consists of the subscales withdrawal, worrying, and resting [32].”
BackgroundEnglbrecht, M., Gossec, L., DeLongis, A., Voshaar, M., Sokka, T., Kvien, T. K., & Schett, G. A. (2012) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2011.07.009 · Cited by 74
Smink, A. J., Dekker, J., Vlieland, T. P. M. V., Swierstra, B. A., Kortland, J. H., Bijlsma, J. W. J., Teerenstra, S., Voorn, T. B., Bierma‐Zeinstra, S., Schers, H., et al. (2013) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.22222 · Cited by 61
“, self-efficacy and active pain coping, were assessed with validated questionnaires: the Dutch Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (DGSS) (24) and the Pain Coping Inventory list (25), respectively.”
MethodHolla, J., Steultjens, M. P. M., Roorda, L. D., Heymans, M. W., ten Wolde, S., & Dekker, J. (2010) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.20263 · Cited by 64
“03) Pain Coping Inventory (32) Distraction (range 5–20) 11 (9–13) 1.”
Leaviss, J., Davis, S., Ren, S., Hamilton, J., Scope, A., Booth, A., Sutton, A., Parry, G. D., Buszewicz, M., Moss-Morris, R. E., et al. (2020) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta24460 · Cited by 71
de Rooij, A., van der Leeden, M., Roorda, L. D., Steultjens, M. P., & Dekker, J. (2013) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-133 · Cited by 62
“Adequate psychometric properties have been documented [44].”
Perrot, S., Poiraudeau, S., Kabir, M., Bertin, P., Sichère, P., Serrié, A., & Rannou, F. (2008) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.24205 · Cited by 62
Strategies used for managing symptoms by women with fibromyalgia
Traska, T. K., Rutledge, D. N., Mouttapa, M., Weiss, J. W., & Aquino, J. K. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03501.x · Cited by 61
“In studies exploring strategies used by individuals living with chronic pain (Kraaimaat & Evers 2003, Shariff et al. 2009), distraction was an active coping method associated with less functional limitations when used regularly.”
BackgroundWesseling, J., Bastick, A. N., ten Wolde, S., Kloppenburg, M., Lafeber, F. P. J. G., Bierma‐Zeinstra, S., & Bijlsma, J. W. J. (2015) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.141036 · Cited by 59
Steenstra, I. A., Anema, J. R., Bongers, P. M., de Vet, H. C. W., & van Mechelen, W. (2003) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-4-26 · Cited by 58
Wiborg, J. F., Knoop, H., Prins, J. B., & Bleijenberg, G. (2011) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.12.011 · Cited by 56
“[17], with the exception of one item (the selfadministration of physical stimuli) which was excluded because it did not load substantially on any of our factors (i.”
BackgroundMethodOosterhuis, T., Ostelo, R., van Dongen, J. M., Peul, W. C., de Boer, M. R., Bosmans, J. E., Vleggeert-Lankamp, C. L. A., Arts, M. P., & van Tulder, M. W. (2017) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2017.05.016 · Cited by 60
“Prognostic factors, indicating an unfavourable outcome after lumbar disc surgery, included duration of symptoms and medication use preceding surgery, and complications during surgery, which were measured at baseline.18 Also at baseline, scores were obtained on the following instruments: credibility/expectancy question…”
MethodCourse and prognosis of knee complaints in general practice
van der Waal, J. M., Bot, S. D. M., Terwee, C. B., van der Windt, D., Scholten, R. J. P. M., Bouter, L. M., & Dekker, J. (2005) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.21581 · Cited by 55
“Several intra-individual factors were measured, including presence of menopause, use of pain medication, pain coping strategies (6 subscales from the Pain Coping Inventory, with a higher score indicating more use of the strategy [20]), distress (short-version subscale from the Four Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire, w…”
MethodCognitive, behavioral, and physiological reactivity to chronic itching: analogies to chronic pain
Verhoeven, L., Kraaimaat, F., Duller, P., Kerkhof, P. V. D., & Evers, A. (2006) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1303_7 · Cited by 54
“Cognitive and behavioral responses to itching were assessed with an analogous form of the Pain Coping Inventory (Evers et al., 2001; Kraaimaat & Evers, 2003 ).”
MethodMalfliet, A., Oosterwijck, J. V., Meeus, M., Cagnie, B. J., Danneels, L. A., Dolphens, M., Buyl, R., & Nijs, J. (2017) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2017.1331481 · Cited by 56
“The Dutch version of the PCI has been found to have sufficient reliability (Crohnbach’s alpha ranging between 0.42 and .060) (Kraaimaat, Bakker, and Evers, 1997; Kraaimaat and Evers, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSteenstra, I. A., Knol, D. L., Bongers, P. M., Anema, J. R., van Mechelen, W., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2009) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181a09631 · Cited by 54
Baert, I. A. C., Meeus, M., Mahmoudian, A., Luyten, F. P., Nijs, J., & Verschueren, S. (2017) · JCR Journal of Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/rhu.0000000000000560 · Cited by 50
Explaining pain following cancer: a practical guide for clinicians
Nijs, J., Wijma, A. J., Leysen, L., Pas, R., Willaert, W., Hoelen, W., Ickmans, K., & van Wilgen, C. P. (2018) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.12.003 · Cited by 50
Avoidance of Activities in Early Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: Results from the CHECK Cohort
Holla, J., van der Leeden, M., Knol, D. L., Peter, W. F., Roorda, L. D., Lems, W. F., Wesseling, J., Steultjens, M. P. M., & Dekker, J. (2012) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9353-x · Cited by 48
“Avoidance of activities was assessed with the resting subscale of the Pain Coping Inventory (PCI) [25].”
MethodInfluentialPredicting outcome of TENS in chronic pain: A prospective, randomized, placebo controlled trial
Oosterhof, J., Samwel, H. J. A., de Boo, T. M., Wilder‐Smith, O. H. G., Oostendorp, R. A. B., & Crul, B. J. P. (2007) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.06.009 · Cited by 48
“Pain coping was measured with the Pain Coping Inventory (PCI) (Kraaimaat et al., 1997; Kraaimaat and Evers, 2003), which measures 3 passive cognitive and behavioral coping strategies when dealing with pain.”
MethodZuidema, R., van Dulmen, S., der Sanden, M. W. G. N., Meek, I., van den Ende, C. H. M., Fransen, J., & van Gaal, B. G. I. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/12463 · Cited by 49
“This questionnaire is based on a subscale of the Pain Coping Inventory questionnaire and modified to assess coping with fatigue instead of coping with pain [33].”
MethodStukstette, M. J. P. M., Dekker, J., den Broeder, A. A., Westeneng, J. M., Bijlsma, J. W. J., & van den Ende, C. H. M. (2013) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2013.03.016 · Cited by 45
Alschuler, K. N., Molton, I. R., Jensen, M. P., & Riddle, D. L. (2013) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.08.012 · Cited by 46
“Although this differs from Holla and colleagues’ [16] finding that less catastrophic worrying was associated with worse functioning, it is not clear that the definition of pain catastrophizing is consistent across the measure used in that study (Pain Coping Inventory [PCI] [29]) and the present study (CSQ), as the pai…”
Baastrup, S. S., Schultz, R., Brødsgaard, I., Moore, R., Jensen, T. S., Vase, L., Bach, F. W., Rosenberg, R., & Gormsen, L. K. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12325 · Cited by 45
“Although widely studied, consensus on the most efficient coping strategies in chronic pain patients is, however, still lacking and diverse results exist (Angst, Brioschi, Main, Lehmann & Aeschlimann, 2006; Kraaimaat & Evers, 2003; Sim & Madden, 2008).”
BackgroundEekhout, I. E., de Vet, H. C. W., de Boer, M. R., Twisk, J. W. R., & Heymans, M. W. (2016) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280216654511 · Cited by 41
Intravenous Magnesium for Chronic Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (CRPS-1)
Fischer, S. G. L., Collins, S. E., Boogaard, S., Loer, S. A., Zuurmond, W. W. A., & Perez, R. S. G. M. (2013) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12211 · Cited by 41
Samwel, H. J. A., Kraaimaat, F. W., Crul, B. J. P., van Dongen, R. D., & Evers, A. W. M. (2009) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910708x337760 · Cited by 40
“The PCI measures cognitive and behavioural attempts to cope with pain on a 4-point Likert scale (‘rarely or never’ to ‘very frequently’).”
MethodSelf-citationBanerjee, A., Hendrick, P. A., Bhattacharjee, P., & Blake, H. (2017) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2017.12.002 · Cited by 40
“Pain Coping Inventory (Patients with pain) [60] 0 0 0 0”
Bot, S. D. M., Terwee, C. B., van der Windt, D., van der Beek, A. J., Bouter, L. M., & Dekker, J. (2007) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-007-0186-z · Cited by 40
“a Pain Coping Inventory ( Kraaimaat and Evers 2003; Kraaimaat et al.”
MethodVriezekolk, J. E., Eijsbouts, A. M. M., Evers, A. W. M., Stenger, A. A. M. E., van den Hoogen, F. H. J., & van Lankveld, W. (2009) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638280903323250 · Cited by 39
“The PCI has demonstrated good psychometric properties across different chronic pain disorders.”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationden Boer, J. J., Oostendorp, R. A. B., Beems, T., Munneke, M., & Evers, A. W. M. (2006) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.010 · Cited by 40
“Passive pain coping was measured 1 day preoperatively with the Pain-Coping Inventory (Kraaimaat and Evers, 2003), a pain-coping instrument that measures different cognitive and behavioral methods of dealing with pain, which are scored on a 4-point Likert scale (1, rarely or never; 4, very…”
Self-citationHenschke, N., Ostelo, R., Terwee, C. B., & van der Windt, D. (2012) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.21665 · Cited by 37
“Based on previous studies in the literature about prognostic factors for musculoskeletal pain, the influence of the following factors was investigated: demographic variables (age, sex, and level of education), pain characteristics (severity, frequency, previous episodes of pain, and reporting of pain in many places),…”
Backgroundvan Koulil, S., Kraaimaat, F., van Lankveld, W., van Helmond, T., Vedder, A., van Hoorn, H., Donders, A. R. T., Thieme, K., Cats, H. A., van Riel, P. L. C. M., et al. (2011) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.20445 · Cited by 37
Self-citationMaas, E. T., Juch, J. N. S., Groeneweg, G., Ostelo, R., Koes, B. W., Verhagen, A. P., van Raamt, M., Wille, F., Huygen, F. J. P. M., & van Tulder, M. W. (2012) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-13-260 · Cited by 37
“Kraaimaat FW, Evers AWM: Pain-coping strategies in chronic pain patients: psychometric characteristics of the pain-coping inventory (PCI).”
MethodHolla, J., van der Leeden, M., Knol, D. L., Roorda, L. D., Hilberdink, W. K. H. A., Lems, W. F., Steultjens, M. P. M., & Dekker, J. (2014) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.22381 · Cited by 34
“The PCI has been shown to be a valid measure of pain coping in persons with several chronic pain conditions (28) and also in patients with OA (6).”
BackgroundMethodBastick, A. N., Verkleij, S. P., Damen, J., Wesseling, J., Hilberdink, W. K., Bindels, P., & Bierma-Zeinstra, S. M. (2016) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2015.11.023 · Cited by 34
Screening for pain-persistence and pain-avoidance patterns in fibromyalgia
van Koulil, S., Kraaimaat, F., van Lankveld, W., van Helmond, T., Vedder, A., van Hoorn, H., Cats, H. A., van Riel, P. L. C. M., & Evers, A. W. M. (2008) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/10705500802222964 · Cited by 34
“Pain-related retreating was assessed with the 7-item scale “retreating” of the PCI ( Kraaimaat & Evers, 2003; Kraaimaat et al., 1997), reflecting behavioral tendencies to avoid environmental stimuli on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from “rarely or never” to “very frequently” with a Cronbach’s α of .75 in this study.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationTailored cognitive-behavioral therapy for fibromyalgia: Two case studies
van Koulil, S., van Lankveld, W., Kraaimaat, F., van Helmond, T., Vedder, A., van Hoorn, H., Cats, H. A., van Riel, P. L. C. M., & Evers, A. W. M. (2008) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2007.11.025 · Cited by 34
Self-citationMeeus, M., Nijs, J., Mol, E. V., Truijen, S., & Meirleir, K. D. (2012) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-012-1946-z · Cited by 33
Samwel, H. J. A., Kraaimaat, F. W., Evers, A. W. M., & Crul, B. J. P. (2007) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf03002998 · Cited by 33
“Worrying. Patients scored the 9-item Worrying scale of the PCI ( Kraaimaat & Evers, 2003 ).”
MethodSelf-citationHermsen, L. A. H., Leone, S. S., Smalbrugge, M., Dekker, J., & van der Horst, H. E. (2014) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2014.02.006 · Cited by 31
“Activity avoidance was measured with the 5-item resting subscale of the Pain Coping Inventory (PCI; score range of 5–20), with a higher score indicating more pain-related activity avoidance (Kraaimaat & Evers, 2003).”
Methodde Heer, E. W., Vriezekolk, J. E., & Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. V. D. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00217 · Cited by 30
“Conirmatory construct and criterion validity of the scales and the second-order structure with respect to active and passive pain-coping strategies were supported (40, 41).”
MethodVriezekolk, J. E., Geenen, R., van den Ende, C. H. M., Slot, H., van Lankveld, W. G. J. M., & van Helmond, T. (2012) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.09.001 · Cited by 28
van der Roer, N., van Tulder, M. W., Barendse, J. M., van Mechelen, W., Franken, W. K., Ooms, A. C., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2004) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-5-45 · Cited by 28
Ollevier, A., Vanneuville, I., Carron, P., Baetens, T., Goderis, T., Gabriel, L., & VELDE, D. V. D. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2018.1543361 · Cited by 26
“The Dutch instrument has a high validity and reliability [26].”
BackgroundWeering, M. D.-V., Vollenbroek-Hutten, M. M. R., & Hermens, H. J. (2012) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-012-9181-6 · Cited by 27
van Koulil, S., van Lankveld, W., Kraaimaat, F. W., van Riel, P. L. C. M., & Evers, A. W. M. (2009) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2009.08.001 · Cited by 27
“All the questionnaires employed in this study were used in previous studies of FM and other chronic physical syndromes and all showed good validity and reliability [19,21–31].”
Self-citationSmink, A., Bierma-Zeinstra, S., Dekker, J., Vlieland, T. V. V., Bijlsma, J., Swierstra, B., Kortland, J., Voorn, T., van den Ende, C. V. D., & Schers, H. (2013) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-14-33 · Cited by 37
A content review of cognitive process measures used in pain research within adult populations
Day, M. A., Lang, C. P., Newton-John, T. R. O., Ehde, D. M., & Jensen, M. P. (2016) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.917 · Cited by 28
“…scale; The Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire, ‘Cognitive Self-Consciousness’ scale (Cartwright-Hatton and Wells, 1997); The Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire-SF, ‘Cognitive Self-Consciousness’ scale (Wells and Cartwright-Hatton, 2004); Imaging Ability Questionnaire, ‘Absorption’ scale (Kwekkeboom, 2000).”
Marinus, J., Perez, R. S. G. M., van Eijs, F., van Gestel, M. A., Geurts, J. W., Huygen, F. J. P. M., Bauer, M. C., & van Hilten, J. J. (2013) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31826f9a8a · Cited by 26
“1) CRPS Severity Score, median (IQR; range) 12 (10-14; 6-17) Rising & Walking, mean (SD) Walking inside 6.”
Parental Functioning in the Context of Adolescent Chronic Pain: A Review of Previously used Measures
Jordan, A. L., Eccleston, C., & Crombez, G. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm139 · Cited by 26
“Pain Coping Inventory (PCI) Kraaimaat and Evers (2003) Pain related coping Summary and scale 34”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOostendorp, R. A. B., Bakker, I., Elvers, H., Mikołajewska, E., Michiels, S., Hertogh, W. D., & Samwel, H. J. A. (2016) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2016.02.006 · Cited by 26
Matagne Heutink, B., Post, M. W. M., Overdulve, C., Pfennings, L. E. M. A., van de Vis, W., Vrijens, N. L. H., & Lindeman, E. (2013) · Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation · doi:10.1310/sci1904-330 · Cited by 25
Barten, D., Smink, A. J., Swinkels, I. C. S., Veenhof, C., Schers, H., Vlieland, T. P. M. V., de Bakker, D. H., Dekker, J., & van den Ende, C. H. M. (2016) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.22935 · Cited by 25
“Active pain coping: Pain Coping Inventory list (range 12–48); higher score reflects more use of an active coping style (19)”
Sex matters in complex regional pain syndrome
van Velzen, G. A. J., Huygen, F. J. P. M., van Kleef, M., van Eijs, F., Marinus, J., & van Hilten, J. J. (2019) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1375 · Cited by 24
“For both sexes, the association between CRPS and depression has been documented before (for review see Lohnberg & Altmaier, 2013), and in one study, previous day pain was a significant predictor of next day's negative and depressed mood (Feldman, Downey, & Schaffer‐Neitz, 1999).”
BackgroundSmink, A. J., van den Ende, C. H., Vlieland, T. P. M. V., Bijlsma, J. W. J., Swierstra, B. A., Kortland, J. H., Voorn, T. B., Teerenstra, S., Schers, H., Dekker, J., et al. (2014) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp14x681337 · Cited by 24
“Active pain coping 54 (12) 8 53 (13) 36 52 (13) 59 –1.”
Mahler, E. A. M., Cuperus, N., Bijlsma, J. W. J., Vlieland, T. P. M. V., van den Hoogen, F., den Broeder, A. A., & van den Ende, C. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3109/03009742.2016.1140226 · Cited by 24
“Pain coping was assessed with the Pain Coping Inventory List (PCI) (33), which is a 33-item questionnaire that measures active and passive paincoping strategies on a four-point Likert scale ranging from ‘hardly ever’ to ‘very often’.”
MethodPsychological features and coping styles in patients with chronic pain
Cui, J., Matsushima, E., Aso, K., Masuda, A., & Makita, K. (2009) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01934.x · Cited by 22
Zuidema, R., van Gaal, B. G. I., van Dulmen, S., Repping‐Wuts, H., & Schoonhoven, L. (2015) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.4571 · Cited by 23
“To explore which outcome measures are most likely to capture patient potential benefits, we chose the following potential outcomes: (1) the Patient Activation Measurement (PAM-13), which assesses the knowledge, skills, and confidence for XSL • FO RenderX self-management [32]; (2) the health-related quality of life sur…”
Coping, Depression, Anxiety, Self-Efficacy and Social Support: Impact on Adjustment to Chronic Pain
Ferreira-Valente, A., Ribeiro, J. L. P., & Jensen, M. P. (2009) · Escritos de Psicología / Psychological Writings · doi:10.24310/espsiescpsi.v2i3.13382 · Cited by 24
“…psychosocial adjustment and higher levels of anxiety and depression across numerous different chronic pain populations (e.g. Keefe et al., 2004; Kraaimaat & Evers, 2003; Lethem et al., 1983; López-Martínez et al., 2008; Reuter et al., 2006; Tunks et al., 2008; Turner, Ersek & Kemp, 2005;…”
Oliveira, P. J., & Costa, M. E. (2009) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105309342471 · Cited by 22
“Kraaimaat and Evers (2003) have conceptualized worrying as the cognitive aspect of pain-related anxiety.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHermsen, L. A. H., van der Wouden, J. C., Leone, S. S., Smalbrugge, M., van der Horst, H. E., & Dekker, J. (2016) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0204-7 · Cited by 22
“Pain-coping strategies in chronic pain patients: psychometric characteristics of the pain-coping inventory (PCI).”
MethodSpies-Dorgelo, M. N., van der Windt, D., van der Horst, H. E., Prins, A. P. A., & Stalman, W. A. B. (2007) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kem253 · Cited by 22
“Coping Inventory (PCI), consisting of 6 scales: pain transformation, distraction, reducing demands, retreating, worrying and resting [14, 15 ].”
MethodThe course and prognosis of hip complaints in general practice
van der Waal, J. M., Bot, S. D. M., Terwee, C. B., van der Windt, D., Bouter, L. M., & Dekker, J. (2006) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3103_12 · Cited by 22
“Pain coping strategies were measured using six subscales of the Pain Coping Inventory (22, 23 ), with higher scores indicating more use of the strategy concerned.”
BackgroundMethodClinical course and prognosis of hand and wrist problems in primary care
Spies-Dorgelo, M. N., van der Windt, D., Prins, A. P. A., Dziedzic, K., & van der Horst, H. E. (2008) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.24019 · Cited by 20
“Coping was measured with the Pain Coping Inventory consisting of 6 scales, including pain transformation, distraction, reducing demands, retreating, worrying, and resting, with a higher score indicating more use of the strategy concerned (15,16).”
MethodTowards a new treatment for chronic low back pain patients
van Weering, M. G. H. (2011) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036531801 · Cited by 20
Chronic Pain Management Among Older Adults: A Scoping Review
Nawai, A. (2019) · SAGE Open Nursing · doi:10.1177/2377960819874259 · Cited by 24
“The CSQ are grouped into three scales including Cognitive Coping and Suppression, Praying, and Helplessness and Diverting Attention (Kraaimaat & Evers, 2003).”
MethodKnoop, J., van Tunen, J. A. C., van der Esch, M., Roorda, L. D., Dekker, J., van der Leeden, M., & Lems, W. F. (2017) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-017-3785-3 · Cited by 18
“(yes/ no)’Pain coping style (active vs. passive) was assessed by the Pain Coping Inventory [27].”
MethodLatent growth modeling of IRT versus CTT measured longitudinal latent variables
Gorter, R., Fox, J.-P., ter Riet, G., Heymans, M. W., & Twisk, J. W. R. (2019) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280219856375 · Cited by 21
Ilves, O., Hermsen, L. A. H., van der Wouden, J. C., Holla, J., van der Leeden, M., Smalbrugge, M., Leone, S. S., van der Horst, H. E., & Dekker, J. (2018) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-018-0978-x · Cited by 17
Hermsen, L. A. H., Leone, S. S., van der Windt, D., Smalbrugge, M., Dekker, J., & van der Horst, H. E. (2011) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-12-241 · Cited by 17
“Pain Coping Inventory (PCI): subscale resting (5 items) [59] Q x x x x”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Kraaimaat, F. W., & Evers, A. W. M.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Kraaimaat, Floris W.
- ORCID
- Evers, Andrea W. M.
- Venue
- International Journal of Behavioral Medicine
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 343-363
- ISSN
- 1070-5503 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7558
- OpenAlex
- W1969226151
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Keywords
- pain coping, chronic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic headache, fibromyalgia, psychometric validation, distraction, worry, rest, concurrent validity, predictive validity
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Chronic Disease, Fibromyalgia, Headache, Humans, Middle Aged, Pain, Pain Measurement, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Principal Component Analysis
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